Key branches of mathematics essential for various physics disciplines include differential geometry, which is crucial for classical, quantum, and relativistic physics. Fundamental topics like calculus, differential equations, and integral equations are also vital. While there isn't a definitive list of required mathematical knowledge, physics students should be adaptable and ready to learn specific areas as needed. Important mathematical concepts highlighted include basic analysis, group theory, linear algebra, ordinary differential equations (ODE), partial differential equations (PDE), complex analysis, and functional analysis, all of which contribute to a comprehensive understanding of physics.