Can an extreme electric field break down a conductor?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the effects of an extreme electric field on a conductor, particularly whether such a field can lead to the breakdown of the conductor by disrupting atomic bonds or causing other forms of damage. The scope includes theoretical considerations and potential applications of related phenomena.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant suggests that an extreme electric field could push conduction electrons away from the bonds in a metal, potentially leading to the disintegration of the conductor.
  • Another participant proposes that a strong electric field could cause free electrons in the wire to be swept to one end, effectively making that end behave like an insulator and possibly leading to a "crusty" material.
  • A different viewpoint mentions that strong electric fields can lead to electron emission (cold emission) and that the primary concern would be the joule effect, which could melt the conductor before the electric field itself causes significant damage.
  • Another participant notes that field emission requires a potential gradient and references its dramatic effects, such as those observed during a lightning strike.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the consequences of extreme electric fields on conductors, with no consensus reached regarding the mechanisms or outcomes involved.

Contextual Notes

Participants mention various assumptions about the behavior of electrons in conductors under strong electric fields, the role of heat generation, and the conditions necessary for phenomena like field emission, but these aspects remain unresolved.

Mentia
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Suppose you have a long wire. One end of the wire is close to a very very strong source of electric field. It is my understanding that the electrons responsible for bonding in a metal are also those responsible for conduction. If you have an extreme electric field near to the conductor, and those conduction electrons are pushed away, would this lead to breaking of bonds and discintigration of the conductor?

Perhaps my view of bonding in metals is far too simplistic?
 
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Mentia said:
Suppose you have a long wire. One end of the wire is close to a very very strong source of electric field. It is my understanding that the electrons responsible for bonding in a metal are also those responsible for conduction. If you have an extreme electric field near to the conductor, and those conduction electrons are pushed away, would this lead to breaking of bonds and discintigration of the conductor?

Perhaps my view of bonding in metals is far too simplistic?

In case you have a very strong electrical field applying to the wire, the free electrons in the wire would be swept to the other end so in the first end, there are no electrons and the metarial is just like an insulator. The 'metal' then may become crusty
 
Having a strong electric field at the surface of a conductor can lead to electron emission (cold emission). It is a phenomenon that is used in many things.

Inside a conductor, an electric field will lead to a current, and in fact, before the field becomes strong, your main problem will be the joule effect: you will melt your conductor long before the field itself becomes a problem.

The same applies also to the emission of electrons: if you would put two conductors near each other in a vacuum, and apply such a strong field between them that you get strong electron emission, I guess (but I'm not sure here) that you would get much more problems with heat development by the electron beam you are now generating than by disrupting the atomic structure of the material due to the field strength.
 
The phenomena is called field emission and needs a potential gradient which depends on the separating medium.It has several applications and to see the effect at its most dramatic look at a lightning strike.
 

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