Carbon-14 decays into Nitrogen-14 by a neutron transforming into a proton and emitting a beta particle, which is a high-energy electron. This process results in Nitrogen-14 having 7 protons and 7 neutrons, but initially only 6 electrons. The missing electron creates an ionized state for the nitrogen atom. To stabilize, Nitrogen-14 will capture an electron from a nearby atom. Understanding this decay process clarifies the electron dynamics involved in the transformation.