When an electrical rod is placed in water, electrical energy is converted to heat energy through the resistance of the rod's nichrome wire. The voltage across the wire generates a current, causing electrons to collide with the atoms in the wire, transferring kinetic energy and increasing atomic vibrations, which manifests as heat. This process is primarily described by conduction, where heat is transferred through direct contact. The discussion also touches on other heat transfer methods, such as convection and radiation, for broader context. Understanding these mechanisms clarifies how electrical energy heats water effectively.
