NLB said:
The reference in which I got the 39,000 number was "Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties" by Norman Holden, dated 2003.There is another one, on-line, at
ere's my reference:
http://ie.lbl.gov/ngdata/sig.htmThis one looks like 1981. It shows 48,000. Either way, it is huge. Yes, it is a sigma-p.Your other link quoted is at a much higher energy (24.5 keV) than a thermal neutron (25 meV or so). There is a large difference in the absorption of neutrons when they are speeding by, versus when they are drifting by.
Thanks for link and comments. You are of course correct, my link is not valid for thermal n cross section reaction, I did not pick up on the energy of the incoming n.
The cross section for Be-7 is very high for a light isotope. I don't know how the shell model explains it, but let me give a try with a collective type model, and also discuss some of your other examples. I normally work with stable isotopes, but the collective model I study also is predictive for unstable isotopes such as Be-7, which does stay around for ~53 days 1/2 life, so lots of time to capture a thermal n if present nearby.
Because the model I study is collective, it requires that n and p have ability to form nucleon clusters within isotopes, such as alpha cluster {ppnn}... which is well recognized for many isotopes (i.e., C-12, O-16). Energy shells surely exist in this collective model, but the energy equations must consider cluster configuration possibilities, not only free n and p within shells.
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Consider that the He-3 cluster {ppn} has a very strong thermal n cross section, at ~5,333 b. The reaction is to form a very stable alpha, thus n + {ppn} -> {ppnn} = He-4. But why ? {ppn} is already stable with binding energy =~7.72 MeV, but, {ppnn} is more stable at ~28.3 MeV.
Next, consider {nnp}=H-3. This has a very low cross section for a thermal n because there are no collective cluster structures that can be formed that are more stable, at best we get {nnp} + n -> {np}+{nn}. So, the collective model explains why {ppn} has much higher thermal n cross section than {nnp}.
You ask about stable Li-6 isotope. One possible collective cluster configuration is Li-6 = {ppn}+{pnn}. Now, {pnn} = H-3 has a very low cross section, so any thermal n in contact with Li-6 must react with the {ppn} cluster to form a {ppnn}, resulting in a transformation of stable Li-6 to stable Li-7. The collective cluster structure of stable Li-7 after the reaction would be {ppnn} + {pnn}. Note that the {pnn} in Li-7 was already present in Li-6, the only nuclear transformation was from {ppn} in Li-6 to {ppnn} in Li-7. Other thermal n reactions possible because Li-6 can have multiple collective cluster configurations. This is the reason the thermal n cross section of Li-6 is only ~940 b, reduced from its 5,333 b potential if only a {pnp} + n reaction was involved...the final cross section becomes a statistical average of all possible collective cluster thermal n reactions, a type of Feynman path integral approach.
You ask about He-4 {ppnn}, why it has near zero thermal n cross section ? It is already a double magic isotope with extreme stability. Using the collective model approach, the following reactions would be possible, {ppnn} + n -> {nn} {ppn} or -> {pnn} {np}, but note that none of these collective configurations are physically possible for the 1s nuclear shell, which only allows four mass units (2 p and 2 p). None of the possible cluster by products are more stable than {ppnn}, which has a binding energy = ~28.3 MeV. Thus there is no allowed energy path available for He-4 as a collective cluster {ppnn} to capture a thermal n and become more stable by fission into any two clusters of 2 or 3 mass units, even if they move into 1p energy shell.
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OK, now Be-7. This is very interesting. It has a very, very high thermal n cross section, much enhanced than the Li-6 example above, so something other than simple n capture by a {ppn} must be going on. Here is my hypothesis.
Consider Be-7 to be a three group collective cluster configuration:
[{pnp} core + {nn} halo and {pp} halo] = Be-7
The two halo resonances rotating far from the {ppn} core. Now, {nn} and {pp} halos are very well known and documented experimentally to be present in many different isotopes. Note that a {pp} and {nn} halo both rotating far from core have identical mass to the alpha {ppnn}, they just are not bonded as a single cluster within Be-7, although I think it possible the two halos {nn} {pp} could be measured as if they were a single {ppnn} cluster, but such would be incorrect nucleon configuration, if we want to explain very high 39,000 -48,000 thermal neutron cross section.
Ok, my hypothesis is that the thermal n reaction with Be-7 would be in two steps, using this predicted collective structure:
[{pnp} core + {nn} halo and {pp} halo] = Be-7
step 1. Because the {pp} halo is far from {ppn} core it would act as a valance entity for a thermal n, the reaction would be: {pp} + n -> {np} + p by-product. So, in step #1 we see the p released as by-product from the thermal n reaction AND a new collective cluster formed within Be-7, {np}. The cross section for this reaction must be very high, and from experimental data, it is predicted by the collective model to be in the ~33,667 to 42,667 b range based on your two reference links.
step 2. Because a {ppn} cluster is present within the ground state 1s shell of Be-7, there is a empty energy hole for another n to fill the 1s. We predict a {nn} halo is present in the higher 1p energy shell, thus, after the reaction in step 1, one of the n from the 1p shell is predicted to move to the lower 1s shell to fill and complete the ground energy level. This is predicted because the Be-7 core shell is not completely filled, having a {ppn} core. The above energy transition of one n from 1p shell to 1s allows for the {ppn} already present in the core to capture this n and form a stable {ppnn}. The cross section for this reaction {ppn} + n is well known to be 5,333 b.
In summary, the sum of the reaction cross section from step 1 of ~42,667 b and the reaction cross section from step 2 of 5,333 b yields the experimental thermal n cross section for Be-7 of 48,000 b (or 33,667 + 5,333 = 39,000 b). These are the thermal n cross section given in your two links.
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I would greatly appreciate your review and comments on the above hypothesis. I would predict that similar halo type reactions would explain the very high enhanced cross sections you mention for Na-22 and Cd-113, but I will wait until I get feedback before I tackle these.
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ps/ I do see one way to falsify my hypothesis for Be-7. A study showing that the thermal n cross section for a {pp} halo resonance, found in Be isotopes, cannot be ~42,667 b, or whatever number needed to add to 5,333 b to yield the experimental Be-7 cross section recorded.
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EDIT COMMENT: More support for the Ho I present above.
It is known that Be-7 is unstable and has a decay mode of 100% via 'electron capture' (EC), to yield stable Li-7 isotope + neutrino\upsilon. Symbolically, this EC mode would be p + e- (captured) -> n + \upsilon.
Note in the Ho above I suggest that thermal n capture by a (pp) halo is a similar process, however, the reaction in the outer halo shell is {pp} + thermal n -> (np) + p by-product. But, the end result is exactly the same between EC and thermal n capture, e.g., formation of a stable Li-7 isotope with a very stable alpha collective cluster core {ppnn} in ground state 1s shell.
