Chemists create molecules like benzyl peroxide by mixing naturally occurring crude chemicals in controlled laboratory environments, allowing them to react based on their knowledge of organic reactions and molecular behavior. For small-scale production, they utilize basic molecules with reactive regions, sequentially combining them under specific conditions, such as pH and water content, to form more complex structures. The reactions are not always complete, necessitating purification processes to enhance product quality. For large-scale production, chemists collaborate with engineers to design chemical plants. To determine chemical formulas, chemists employ advanced techniques like mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and chromatography to analyze molecular fragments and structures.
