Quantum mechanics deals with single particle systems, which have a small number of degrees of freedom (think observables.) For example, a single particle has associated observables x and p. A quantum field is the quantum mechanical version of the classical field, which describes (maybe infinitely) many degrees of freedom. What makes the quantum field quantum is that these observables are quantized. The observables are particles, making quantum field theory a multiparticle theory: the field describes the creation and destruction of quanta as a function of spacetime.
In QFT, the field operator becomes the dynamical quantity of interest, rather than the single particle wavefunction.