Emission of infra red from hot bodies

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the emission of infrared radiation from hot bodies, specifically comparing the emissivity of matte black surfaces to shiny silver surfaces. Participants explore the implications of Kirchhoff's law and Wien's law in the context of thermal radiation, focusing on the reasons behind the differences in emissivity and cooling rates of these surfaces.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants assert that matte black surfaces are better emitters of infrared radiation than shiny silver surfaces due to their higher emissivity.
  • One participant references Kirchhoff's law, stating that absorptivity equals emissivity, leading to the conclusion that higher reflectivity results in lower emissivity.
  • Another participant questions the intuitive understanding of why shiny metals emit less infrared radiation, seeking a conceptual model to explain the phenomenon.
  • There is a clarification that Wien's law pertains to the peak position of the blackbody radiation curve, not the total amount of infrared emitted, which is temperature-dependent.
  • A participant illustrates the concept using an analogy of two balls (one black and one silver) being heated, emphasizing that the black ball absorbs more energy and thus has a higher emissivity to shed heat effectively.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree on the principles of Kirchhoff's law and the relationship between absorptivity and emissivity, but there remains some uncertainty regarding the intuitive understanding of these concepts, particularly in relation to shiny surfaces and their emission characteristics.

Contextual Notes

Some discussions involve assumptions about the applicability of classical models to quantum mechanical phenomena, highlighting the complexity of fully grasping the underlying mechanisms of infrared emission.

DGriffiths
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I've seen much mention in websites of matt black surfaces being better emitters of infra red than shiny silver ones so if a matt black and shiny silver surface are heated to about 100 deg C the black one will cool down more quickly as a result of this! Doesn't Wien's law state that the amount of I.R. emitted by a hot body is only dependent on the temperature??

My question is then why is a shiny silver surface a much poorer emitter than a matt black one?
 
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DGriffiths said:
<snip>

My question is then why is a shiny silver surface a much poorer emitter than a matt black one?

Because of the conservation of energy: absorptivity + reflectivity + transmissivity = 1. For an opaque material, transmissivity = 0. Also, absorptivity = emissivity (Kirchoff's law), so emissivity = 1 - reflectivity. More reflectivity = less emissivity.
 
Yep. The key to understanding this is to understand Kirchhoff's law equating absorptivity to emissivity. Imagine two people of different size sitting by a camp fire. Who heats up the quickest, and who stays hot the longest?
 
DGriffiths said:
I'Doesn't Wien's law state that the amount of I.R. emitted by a hot body is only dependent on the temperature??
No Wien's law says that the peak position of the blackbody curve only depends on temperature
 
Thanks very much for all replies - I'd only heard of Kirchoff in respect to electrical circuits.

I get the "emissivity = 1 - reflectivity. More reflectivity = less emissivity." if that's what the law says but I still don't get why? Is there any mental picture (even if not totally accurate) that may help. I can see that the bending of molecules (due to the fact that charged particles are being accelerated) can result in the emission of e.m radiation in the infra red region but I still have no model of what is going on at the surface of a shiny metal that results in the emission of i.r. and also why it is so poor at doing so.

I appreciate I may be wanting a handwavy classical model that is not appropriate for a quantum mechanical concept but if anyone has any ideas I'd really appreciate it.
 
Andy was right in pointing you to conservation of energy. Consider a silver ball and a black ball illuminated by the same heat source. They should come to the same temperature. But the silver ball reflects most of the light falling on it while the black ball absorbs the light. Therefore to shed the same amount of heat at the same temperature, the black ball must have a much higher emissivity.
 

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