Expansion Greater than Light Speed?

[Antonio Lao]

Does anyone know whether the expansion of the universe ever exceeded the speed of light taking the early accelerated phase into consideration?

If not then the early photons must have bounded back and forth within the boundary of the early universe and a few or maybe many of all photons we are seeing now are rebounded photons.

 

[russ_watters]

Does anyone know whether the expansion of the universe ever exceeded the speed of light taking the early accelerated phase into consideration?

Yes, some galaxies appear to be recedinig at >C.

If not then the early photons must have bounded back and forth within the boundary of the early universe and a few or maybe many of all photons we are seeing now are rebounded photons.

Even a finite universe need not have boundaries. There wouldn't be any bouncing - no edge to bounce off of.

 

[marcus]

Yes, some galaxies appear to be recedinig at >C.

confirming what russ says,
most of the galaxies in the observable universe have redshifts z
greater than 2
(indeed one has been observed with z = 10, much more distant!)

and when we look at a galaxy with z = 2 or bigger

we are looking at an object which was already receding from us at a speed greater
than c
at the very moment when it emitted the light which we are now receiving
so we witness it in the act
of receding faster than c

that might also be true for z = 1.9, or z = 1.8
I would have to use a calculator to be sure
but certainly it is true for z = 2 and bigger.

At first sight it seems paradoxical and some essays have been written
to help people assimilate this, but it is a standard fact, just mindboggling when you first encounter it

 

[marcus]

I just used Morgan's calculator
with Hubble parameter = 71
and darkenergy 0.73
and matter 0.27
and
it said z = 1.7 implies the object was
receding at speed 1.02 c
that is just a little faster than light
so to a good approximation the cutoff is z = 1.7

using the present best estimates for the cosmological parameters
anything we see with redshift greater than 1.7
was already receding from us faster than light
when it emitted the very light which we are now receiving

Morgan's calculator
http://www.earth.uni.edu/~morgan/ajjar/Cosmology/cosmos.html
is in the links in the reference sticky at the General Astronomy forum.

This thread could as well be in General Astronomy
instead of Theory Development. When I responded I didnt realize it was
in Theory Development. We've had similar questions there

 

[DrChinese]

Useful reference:

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0310/0310808.pdf

And thanks to some of the mentors above for being patient with me while I was trying to absorb this.

 

[LURCH]

Does anyone know whether the expansion of the universe ever exceeded the speed of light taking the early accelerated phase into consideration?

If not then the early photons must have bounded back and forth within the boundary of the early universe and a few or maybe many of all photons we are seeing now are rebounded photons.

The second paragraph does not necessarily follow from the first. If the universe never expanded at a speed exceeding light-speed, it could still expand at light speed. Keep in mind that the "expansion of the universe" simply means, "how far stuff has gotten". So, for as long as there has been light, and that light has been traveling outward, the universe has been expanding at least at the speed of light.

 

[kurious]

Inflation theory was thought up to explain, among other things, how regions separated
by distances greater than light can have possibly travelled, seem so alike- the idea being that if light couldn't bounce around and smooth things out , the faster than light stretching of space-time itself could.But what if there are particles out in space moving faster than light-most of the mass of the universe is still unaccounted for.

 

[Antonio Lao]

Is this a stupid question? But if some of these galaxies are really receding beyond light would their relativistic mass be more than infinite?

 

[DrChinese]

Is this a stupid question? But if some of these galaxies are really receding beyond light would their relativistic mass be more than infinite?

Not a stupid question at all. But read the Lineweaver reference first and save yourself a lot of grief.

 

[russ_watters]

Not a stupid question at all. But read the Lineweaver reference first and save yourself a lot of grief.

...short answer: no, because expansion isn't motion. The galaxies aren't necessarily moving, but rather the space between them is expanding.

 

[kurious]

...short answer: no, because expansion isn't motion. The galaxies aren't necessarily moving, but rather the space between them is expanding

But if that space is made of mass there is a relativistic mass problem!

 

[Antonio Lao]

Thanks. It also dawn on me after I posted the "stupid" (not thinking) question that the galaxies were in a rest frame of their own and that it is the space that is expanding. But as kurious pointed out, if mass is attributed to space, then again the relativistic mass increase would be a problem.

Are modern theories trying to explain exotic matter, dark matter and dark energy to the mass property of space?

 

[kurious]

Theorists are saying that dark energy 's density stays the same as space expands.
Normal energy like the cosmic microwave background gets less dense according to
1/ r^4. Dark matter is not thought to be a property of space but rather some exotic particles like axions or maybe even large accumulations of neutrinos.I have a problem with dark matter hypotheses: why doesn't it block our view of some stars and why don't we suddenly see new stars if dark matter moves around a bit, as it must surely do?

 

[Antonio Lao]

What I am trying to do in my own research is to show that the mass we commonly used to know about can be splitted into two kinds of mass. The potential and the kinetic. The potential is the same as inertial and gravitational mass. And the kinetic mass has more to do with the true meaning of energy and momentum. There are logical distinctions between them. Their combination gave us the experimentally detectable mass.

When the potential mass and kinetic mass of a particle are equal then the experimental mass is zero (e.g. the mass of photon). With this idea in mind, we can say that the potential and kinetic mass of space are also equal so that the experimental (detectable) mass of space is also zero.

The W's and Z's bosons in the electroweak theory are all kinetic mass. And the mass responsible for gravity is the potential mass. The mass inside black holes and singularities are dominated by potential mass.

The universal expansion of space is the constant process of separation between potential and kinetic mass. All the potential mass are trying to get together, forming black holes, galaxies, stars, and planets while the kinetic mass spreadout uniformly causing the phenomenon of expansion in order to keep the detectable mass of space at the constant value of zero.

 

[russ_watters]

"space" itself is not a substance with mass.

 

[kurious]

potential and kinetic energy

space" itself is not a substance with mass

Then what is it? What if the 10^120 Joules /m^3 of vacuum energy is Antonio's two cancelling mass types?
I thought of something similar a few weeks ago-the idea being that vacuum particles appear when positive energy moves away from a cloud of negative energy and then the particles disappear again by re-entering the cloud.

 

[Antonio Lao]

Space is the seat where the potential and kinetic mass are exactly equal. I think, it is the same as saying the potential and kinetic energy are also equal. When the potential and kinetic energy are exactly equal, the Lagrangian at the point of spacetime is zero.

When the Lagrangian is exactly zero, the Hamiltonian is just the sum of the products of generalized space dimension (position coordinates) and the generalized momenta.

 

[Antonio Lao]

The time independent Hamiltonian (Lagrangian=0) is equivalent to the quantum uncertainty condition of $\Delta \psi \Delta \phi \geq \frac{h}{2 \pi}$.

 

[AWolf]

When the potential mass and kinetic mass of a particle are equal then the experimental mass is zero (e.g. the mass of photon). With this idea in mind, we can say that the potential and kinetic mass of space are also equal so that the experimental (detectable) mass of space is also zero.

The zero mass of a photon is at rest mass. Since a photon cannot be at rest, it cannot be compared to the zero mass of space.

 

[Antonio Lao]

if we take the point of view of the photon in vacuum, one photon can never overtake any other photons from the same source and along the same straight line (geodesic). So all photons from the same source appear motionless with respect to each other if the are along the same geodesic line. But can photons from a different source, or photon from same source but different direction, always appear to be traveling at light speed or less?

 

[Antonio Lao]

But if the angle between two geodesic line is very small then the adjacent photons are practically collinear and they will also appear to be motionless with respect to each other. Integrating the whole 3D space, all photons from same source with varied directions can all appear to be motionless at a local region but when the small angle diverges from collinearity at far distances then and only then where th photons appear to be traveling at some speed. But space should always be filled with photons since we can see the same source (e.g. a star) at any angle and at any location, therefore all photons are motionless with respect to each other at all time and place.

 

[russ_watters]

space" itself is not a substance with mass

Then what is it? What if the 10^120 Joules /m^3 of vacuum energy is Antonio's two cancelling mass types?
I thought of something similar a few weeks ago-the idea being that vacuum particles appear when positive energy moves away from a cloud of negative energy and then the particles disappear again by re-entering the cloud.

Analogy: fish swim in a lake. A lake is not a fish.

Vacuum energy occurs in space, but it is not, itself, space.

 

[AWolf]

But can photons from a different source, or photon from same source but different direction, always appear to be traveling at light speed or less?

Photons from the same source would have a relative velocity between zero and twice the speed of light (opposite directions).

Two objects traveling in the same direction at 163,000 miles/sec relative to a stationary third point would have doubled their mass and halved their time.
Relative to each other their masses would appear the same as if they stationary and their time would appear normal.
Has the relativistic mass suddenly disappeared ? Has time dilation ceased ?
No. (Assuming Lorentz's position that mass really does increase and that it's not just a thought experiment)

Because the two objects are experiencing the same effects, neither can detect them in the other.

All photons travel through space at the speed of light. The relative velocity, unless the photons are interacting, is of little or no consequence.

 

[kurious]

Vacuum energy is not space.
What if negative energy is space and positive energy pops out of it to yield w bosons etc.
Just as relativity would say space is not a passive background I am agreeing but
trying to find a more physical reason why it is not passive.I understand the mathematics of SR and some of GR but neither theory leaves you with a gut feeling that its right!

 

[Antonio Lao]

In general relativity (GR), the concept of force for gravity was replaced by the concept of spacetime curvature. The greater the curvature, the greater is the gravity force. This implies an equivalence between force and spacetime. Furthermore, GR's field equations are more equivalent relations between spacetime and the energy-momentum tensor. Tensors are higher dimensional transformed vectors. If the 4-dimensionality of spacetime can be treated as 1-dimensionality embedded in higher fifth-dimensionality contracted to 2-dim then spacetime's worldlines are analogous to vectors embedded in 2 dimensional space. When these worldlines are closed loops, the spacetime can again be splitted into closed timelike loops and closed spacelike loops. The interactions of these timelike loops and spacelike loops can be the existence of the electric and magnetic forces of the vacuum. These can be renamed into the spacelike force and the timelike force respectively.

 

[mee]

an idea

Perhaps space cannot expand at greater than the speed of light, but if we take an arbitrary bit of space, say one cubic centimeter, and have it and all the cubic cetimeters adjacent to it expand in each axis at the speed of light, then each side of the cubic centimeter will expand at the speed of light creating space as a whole seeming to expand faster than the speed of light as each quanta adds up with the others. Anyone understand? This could potentially explain the almost instantaneous expansion of the theoretical big bang without violating c. :shy:

 

[Antonio Lao]

I don't understand. From special relativity, I thought, the speed of light cannot be added.

 

[AWolf]

Vacuum energy is not space.
What if negative energy is space and positive energy pops out of it to yield w bosons etc.
Just as relativity would say space is not a passive background I am agreeing but
trying to find a more physical reason why it is not passive.I understand the mathematics of SR and some of GR but neither theory leaves you with a gut feeling that its right!

What if energy in space is just unstable. The instability arising from the difference between the space occupied by the energy and that around it.

The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.

Energy spontaneously tends to flow only from being concentrated in one place to becoming diffused or dispersed and spread out.

Energy cannot remain in one spot, it is constantly in motion.

The direction of the motion is dependant on two things.
1. Where the energy came from.
2. Any other energy close enough to effect where the energy can travel to.

How far the energy can travel in a single movement is determined by how much energy is in its immediate proximatey. Around a high mass, the distance will be smaller than in deepest darkest space. General Relativity.

The positive energy is where it is going. The negative where it has just come from. Reduction in energy as it moves from one point - an increase in energy as it arrives at its destination.

 

[Antonio Lao]

One idea why space can expand faster than light speed is that the state of space can be acquired from two states: the state of matter and the state of energy. When energy moves space is created at the rate proportional to c, the speed of light. When matter moves space is also created. But this rate of forming space from the motion of matter is proportional to the cubed of c. The probabilities of these processes are proportional to the inverse of the rates.

 

[AWolf]

One idea why space can expand faster than light speed is that the state of space can be acquired from two states: the state of matter and the state of energy. When energy moves space is created at the rate proportional to c, the speed of light. When matter moves space is also created. But this rate of forming space from the motion of matter is proportional to the cubed of c. The probabilities of these processes are proportional to the inverse of the rates.

Doesn't matter simply comprise of energy ?

From what you are saying, energy's relationship to the creation of space is directly proportional, but with matter it is proportional to its volume.

If you break the matter down into its component energy, don't you end up with the same result ?

This gives you a far simpler scenario, in that you have a single state.

 

[geistkiesel]

Does anyone know whether the expansion of the universe ever exceeded the speed of light taking the early accelerated phase into consideration?

If not then the early photons must have bounded back and forth within the boundary of the early universe and a few or maybe many of all photons we are seeing now are rebounded photons.

According to Alan Guth, the first to clearly develop a model of the inflationary universe at an earlly stage around ten to the minus 34 seconds or so, the size of the universe doubled many billions of tiime. However, if we considered the universe a crystal lattice and you were at one of the host sites, you would see everybody moving away from you at "many orders of magnitude" greater than the speed of light. However, no one would feel the slightest acceleration as it wasn't mass that was expanding, it was the space that was growing so rapidly. In this inflationary time gravity was effectively "repulsive". This kind of expansion was necessary to overcome the speed of light limitation for the calibrating of pariticles separted by large distances in order to maintain a perfect state of equilibrium while the universe achieved a minimum safe size to ensure continued expasnison. If the universe weren't perfectly uniform for some critical time the expansion would have been a dud and the universe would collapsed back on itself.

As the inflationary expansion did not involve movment of matter through space all mass was effectively immobile and mainitained a oerfect state of equiilibrium and order, and not inviolation of any relativistic constraints. This problem proved somewhat embarrassing later when the COBE sattellites showed cosmic back ground so perfectly smooth that the formation of stellar bodies would have been impossible, according to BB theory. Mass could not have congealed into the massive obsjects and in the formative patterns we see. A reassesment of "interferences in the data '" of "near Earth influence", was subtracted out and sufficient disturbances were observed in the background microwave remnant. Suffiicient perturbations were found buried such that we have stars and galaxies as we see.

 

[Antonio Lao]

The formation of atoms, stars and galaxies, in my research, is attributed to the existence of various forms of acceleration. These accelerations are the manifestation of a hidden absolute acceleration (the acceleration of one dimensional space) in a spacetime geometry such that the inner product of the generalized acceleration, a, and the effective distance, r is an invariance.

$$\vec{a} \cdot \vec{r} = c^2$$

where c is the speed of light in vacuum.

 

[Michael F. Dmitriyev]

Does anyone know whether the expansion of the universe ever exceeded the speed of light taking the early accelerated phase into consideration?

If not then the early photons must have bounded back and forth within the boundary of the early universe and a few or maybe many of all photons we are seeing now are rebounded photons.

Absolute Time (Gravitation) has not delay, i.e. it is faster then light.

 

[sol2]

There is a reference to Tachyon Condensation in String theory, but to get there one would have to have formulated the graviton from http://wc0.worldcrossing.com/WebX?14@13.V7KsbfYf1Sa.0@.1ddf2ad5/9 , and then speak about FTL?

 

[Antonio Lao]

Although, from my own independent research, I have nearly all fermions and bosons structured using $H^{+}$ and $H^{-}$ but I still can't structure one for graviton and the Higgs boson. The structures for quarks and leptons and bosons are all evenly numbered. The logical thing to do is to structure both graviton and Higgs boson as a single $H^{-}$, so they must have acquired their evenness (getting a partner) from a parallel universe which indicates the existence and a connection between two universes at the core of a graviton or a Higgs boson, even the center of a black hole or at the center of the big bang singularity.