Green's identities for Laplacian-squared

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Homework Statement


a) Derive Green's identities in local and integral form for the partial differential operator ##\triangle^2##.
b) Compute the adjoint operator ##(\triangle^2)^*##.

2. Relevant information
##U\subset\mathbb{R}^n##, ##u:U\to\mathbb{R}##, differential operator ##Lu##.
In the lecture notes it is given that:
First Green's identity: ##\int_U\left[(Lu)v-u(L^*v)\right]dx=0## for any U and ##u,v\in C_0^\infty(U)##.
Second Green's identity: ##\int_U\left[(Lu)v-u(L^*v)\right]dx=\int_{\partial U}QndS## for some field Q and ##u,v\in C^\infty(U)##.

The Attempt at a Solution


I haven't done PDEs in a long while, do I get it right that the order of actions to solve the exercise would be:
1) Assume ##u,v\in C_0^\infty(U)##, by partial integration obtain ##\int_U(\triangle^2u)vdx= \int_Uu(\triangle^2v)dx## (am not fully sure if this holds, will need to verify) meaning via 1st Green's identity that ##(\triangle^2)^*=\triangle^2##.
2) Plug this into 2nd Green's identity, assume ##u,v\in C^\infty(U)## and get the expression for Q.
 
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Using the following identity$$\int_U\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x_i^2}vdx=-\int_{\partial U}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_i}vn_i dS+\int_{\partial U}u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x_i}n_idS-\int_Uu\frac{\partial^2v}{\partial x_i^2}dx$$
(where ##n_i## is i-th coordinate of the orthogonal vector) I did some writing out
$$\int_U(\bigtriangleup^2u)vdx=\int_U \bigtriangleup\left(\sum_{j=1}^n\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_j^2}\right)vdx=\int_U\left(\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n\frac{\partial^4u}{\partial x_i^2\partial x_j^2}\right)vdx=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n\int_U \frac{\partial^4u}{\partial x_i^2\partial x_j^2}vdx=$$
$$=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n\left(-\int_{\partial U}\frac{\partial^3u}{\partial x_i\partial x_j^2}vn_idS+\int_{\partial U}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_j^2}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x_i}n_idS-\int_U\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_j^2}\frac{\partial^2v}{\partial x_i^2}dx\right)=$$
$$=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n\left(\int_{\partial U}\left(\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_j^2}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x_i}-\frac{\partial^3u}{\partial x_i\partial x_j^2}v\right)n_idS+\int_{\partial U}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_j}\frac{\partial^2v}{\partial x_i^2}n_jdS-\int_{\partial U}u\frac{\partial^3v}{\partial x_i^2\partial x_j}n_jdS+\int_Uu\frac{\partial^4v}{\partial x_i^2\partial x_j^2}dx\right)=$$
$$=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n\int_{\partial U}\left(\left(\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_j^2}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x_i}-\frac{\partial^3u}{\partial x_i\partial x_j^2}v\right)n_i+\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_j}\frac{\partial^2v}{\partial x_i^2}-u\frac{\partial^3v}{\partial x_i^2\partial x_j}\right)n_j\right)dS+\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n \int_Uu\frac{\partial^4v}{\partial x_i^2\partial x_j^2}dx=$$
$$=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n\int_{\partial U}\left(\left(\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial x_j^2}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x_i}-\frac{\partial^3u}{\partial x_i\partial x_j^2}v\right)n_i+\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_j}\frac{\partial^2v}{\partial x_i^2}-u\frac{\partial^3v}{\partial x_i^2\partial x_j}\right)n_j\right)dS+\int_Uu(\bigtriangleup^2v)dx$$

Could anyone suggest a way to simplify the double sum in the last expression?

EDIT: nevermind, seem to have worked it out myself
 
Last edited:
There are two things I don't understand about this problem. First, when finding the nth root of a number, there should in theory be n solutions. However, the formula produces n+1 roots. Here is how. The first root is simply ##\left(r\right)^{\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)}##. Then you multiply this first root by n additional expressions given by the formula, as you go through k=0,1,...n-1. So you end up with n+1 roots, which cannot be correct. Let me illustrate what I mean. For this...
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