# Help prove the limit of x^n/n! = 0

## Homework Statement

lim x^n/n! = 0 for all x
n->∞

## Homework Equations

No equations, but I am currently in Calculus II in my first semester here at my University. Please help me prove why this limit is true!

## The Attempt at a Solution

I've tried to use natural logarithms and L'Hospital's rule, but I don't know if I can derive (n!). Any ideas?

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Zondrina
Homework Helper

## Homework Statement

lim x^n/n! = 0 for all x
n->∞

## Homework Equations

No equations, but I am currently in Calculus II in my first semester here at my University. Please help me prove why this limit is true!

## The Attempt at a Solution

I've tried to use natural logarithms and L'Hospital's rule, but I don't know if I can derive (n!). Any ideas?
Do you know that the factorial function grows faster than any x^n?

Do you know that the factorial function grows faster than any x^n?
Yeah I do know this, but I am not sure how to prove it.

## Homework Statement

lim x^n/n! = 0 for all x
n->∞

## Homework Equations

No equations, but I am currently in Calculus II in my first semester here at my University. Please help me prove why this limit is true!

## The Attempt at a Solution

I've tried to use natural logarithms and L'Hospital's rule, but I don't know if I can derive (n!). Any ideas?
Have you seen series?? Can you show that

$$\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!}$$

converges?

Ray Vickson
Homework Helper
Dearly Missed
Yeah I do know this, but I am not sure how to prove it.
Assume x > 0. We then have
$$\log\left(\frac{x^n}{n!}\right) = n \log(x) - \log(1) - \log(2) - \cdots - \log(n).$$
Try to bound the sum of the logs. (Hint: compare log(j) with the integral of log(x) over [j-1,j] or [j,j+1], whichever one gives you what you need.)

RGV

Have you seen series?? Can you show that

$$\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!}$$

converges?
To be honest I really don't know what that means. In high school our teacher didn't worry about that kind of sigma notation because it wasn't on the AP test. So I kind of understand it after reading into it myself, but it was never anything that got set into my mind.

Assume x > 0. We then have
$$\log\left(\frac{x^n}{n!}\right) = n \log(x) - \log(1) - \log(2) - \cdots - \log(n).$$
Try to bound the sum of the logs. (Hint: compare log(j) with the integral of log(x) over [j-1,j] or [j,j+1], whichever one gives you what you need.)

RGV
I think I know what you mean. I'm going to try this out tomorrow. But thanks guys.

Zondrina
Homework Helper
Fun fact :

$$e^x = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!}$$

Ray Vickson
Homework Helper
Dearly Missed

## Homework Statement

lim x^n/n! = 0 for all x
n->∞

## Homework Equations

No equations, but I am currently in Calculus II in my first semester here at my University. Please help me prove why this limit is true!

## The Attempt at a Solution

I've tried to use natural logarithms and L'Hospital's rule, but I don't know if I can derive (n!). Any ideas?
You can also use the fact that for 0 < x < N, and n > N we have
$$0 < \frac{x^n}{n!} < \frac{N^n}{n!} = \frac{N^N}{N!} \frac{N}{N+1} \frac{N}{N+2} \cdots \frac{N}{n}.$$
For any r in (0,1) we have
$$\frac{N}{N+1} \frac{N}{N+2} \cdots \frac{N}{n} < r^{n-N}$$ for all n sufficiently large (why?) so the desired result follows for any x.

RGV

jbunniii
Homework Helper
Gold Member
Choose any fixed $x$. If $a_n = x^n / n!$, then
$$\left|\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right| = \left| \frac{x^{n+1} n!}{x^n (n+1)!}\right| = \frac{|x|}{n+1}$$
which is arbitrarily small if $n$ is large enough. In particular, if I choose $r$ with $0 < r < 1$, then for sufficiently large $n$, say $n \geq N$, we have $|a_{n+1}/a_{n}| < r$. What can you conclude?

You can also use the fact that for 0 < x < N, and n > N we have
$$0 < \frac{x^n}{n!} < \frac{N^n}{n!} = \frac{N^N}{N!} \frac{N}{N+1} \frac{N}{N+2} \cdots \frac{N}{n}.$$
For any r in (0,1) we have
$$\frac{N}{N+1} \frac{N}{N+2} \cdots \frac{N}{n} < r^{n-N}$$ for all n sufficiently large (why?) so the desired result follows for any x.

RGV
This explanation actually helped a lot. Thanks so much to you and the others that tried helping