The sun's coordinates depend on the chosen frame of reference and the time of observation, as it moves through space. In a heliocentric coordinate system, the sun is positioned at (0,0,0). The discussion emphasizes the importance of selecting a coordinate system, such as galactic or celestial, to accurately determine the sun's location. The sun's movement is influenced by its orbit around the galaxy and the gravitational effects of planets. Understanding these factors is crucial for precise astronomical calculations.