On the attached picture the double integral in the first line is rewritten in the second line by introducting the variable τ=τ1-τ2
But how exactly does this happen? I simply can't see how two integrals can turn into one.
I don't understand why it is just beta. There is a Green's function in the integrand. Do you say this because there is no beta in the second line? Because for all I know this could be a typo.
Can you do the full substitution where you introduce new variables, say
[tex]\tau = \tau_1 - \tau_2 \text{ and } \mu = \tau_1 + \tau_2[/tex]
to turn a two dimensional integral into a two dimensional integral? You will see the integration over [itex]\mu[/itex] become trivial.