etotheipi
atyy said:In the gymnast example, the work energy theorem does not fail.
I think that is not quite correct. Really the work energy theorem only applies to rigid bodies (and this is also assuming the strong form of Newton III holds!). Since the theorem is always applicable to particles, we can find the total work by all forces on all particles in a general extended body via. a summation,$$W = \sum_i \int \vec{F}_i \cdot d\vec{x}_i = \sum_i \int (\vec{F}_i^{\text{ext}} + \vec{F}_i^{\text{int}}) \cdot d\vec{x}_i = \sum_i (W_i^{\text{int}} + W_i^{\text{ext}})$$here ##\vec{F}_i = \vec{F}_i^{\text{ext}} + \vec{F}_i^{\text{int}}## is a sum of both the internal forces and external forces on that particle. If we consider a rigid body, then we have the constraint that ##|\vec{x}_i - \vec{x}_j| = \text{constant}##, which means that$$|\vec{x}_i - \vec{x}_j|^2 = (\vec{x}_i - \vec{x}_j) \cdot (\vec{x}_i - \vec{x}_j) = \text{constant}$$ $$2(\vec{x}_i - \vec{x}_j) \cdot (\vec{v_i} - \vec{v}_j) = 0$$Also notice that, for any pair of particles, the total power of internal forces on each of them due to their mutual interaction (##\vec{F}_{ij} = -\vec{F}_{ji}##) is$$P = \vec{F}_{ij} \cdot \vec{v}_i + \vec{F}_{ji} \cdot \vec{v}_j = \vec{F}_{ij} \cdot (\vec{v}_i - \vec{v}_j)$$If the strong form of Newton III holds, then it is guaranteed that ##\vec{F}_{ij} = k(\vec{x}_i - \vec{x}_j)## where ##k## is some arbitrary scaling constant, in which case due to the aforementioned orthogonality, the power of these internal forces is zero. Hence the total work on the rigid body due to internal forces is zero, and the total work on the rigid body is solely due to external forces.
This is the important point; for deformable bodies, we often have no way of computing the work done by internal forces. Of course, hypothetically, if we could determine this number, then the work energy theorem would work fine. For rigid bodies, this internal work is exactly zero, so we can always use the work energy theorem.
This is what I believe @kuruman was explaining with the example of the gymnast. The normal contact force due to the floor does zero work, since the floor is fixed. The gravitational force in fact does negative work when the gymnast is jumping. However his/her change of kinetic energy is positive, which means there must have been positive work done by internal forces that exceeded in magnitude that done by gravity! It is of course easiest to use energy conservation, and attribute this to a transfer of chemical energy to kinetic energy.
atyy said:Jumping can be treated with the work energy theorem as follows:
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/bodyphysics/chapter/comparing-work-energy-and-energy-conservation/
This is not the work energy theorem, this is another construct entirely. It deals with so-called centre-of-mass work (or what @Dale called 'net work' near the start of the thread), which is not real (thermodynamic) work in the sense of energy. It is derived from Newton's second law, and computes the integral of the scalar product of the force and the displacement of the centre-of-mass. That correctly gives the change in the kinetic energy of the centre-of-mass only:$$\begin{align*}
\left( \sum_i \vec{F}_i \right) = \vec{F} = m\vec{a}_{\text{cm}} \implies \int \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{x}_{\text{cm}} &= \int_{\vec{x}_1}^{\vec{x}_2} m \frac{d\vec{v}_{\text{cm}}}{dt} \cdot d\vec{x}_{\text{cm}} \\
& = \int_{t_1}^{t_2} m \frac{d\vec{x}_{\text{cm}}}{dt} \cdot \frac{d\vec{v}_{\text{cm}}}{dt} dt \\
& = \frac{1}{2} m \int_{t_1}^{t_2} \frac{d}{dt} \left( \vec{v}_{\text{cm}} \cdot \vec{v}_{\text{cm}} \right) dt \\
& = \Delta \left( \frac{1}{2}m v_{\text{cm}}^2 \right) = \Delta T_{\text{cm}}
\end{align*}$$We can imagine a cylinder rolling down a rough inclined plane. The work done by the force of friction is zero, since the friction force has zero power (the relative velocity at the point of contact is zero). Hence, the proper work energy theorem yields$$W_{\text{grav}} = \Delta T$$Here ##\Delta T = \Delta T_{\text{cm}} + \Delta T^*## is the total change in kinetic energy, which is the sum of the kinetic energy of the centre of mass and that in the frame of the centre of mass (König theorem). We can also use the centre-of-mass work concept that you linked, which would give$$\mathcal{W}_{\text{grav}} + \mathcal{W}_{\text{friction}} = \Delta T_{\text{cm}}$$here ##\Delta T_{\text{cm}}## is the change of linear kinetic energy only, and not the total change. N.B. I use ##\mathcal{W}## to distinguish it from thermodynamic work, but AFAIK there is no standard notation.
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