Divorce follows state laws, so there's a lot of variation.
In most states, expect all the assets and debts to be split about 50/50 since marriage is a partnership. It's assumed both parties agreed to what role each plays in the marriage - in other words, if the agreement was that one works while one sits at home watching soap operas, then that's the agreement and they share equally in what that arrangement provides. (If you didn't like that arrangment, then you would have divorced sooner, before that many assets were acquired.) There's differences between community property states/equitable distribution states; exceptions for property earned before marriage, etc, plus each individual situation is different, so the 50/50 split is just a rough idea.
Alimony isn't automatic anymore. That idea that the husband has to maintain the wife's standard of living until she remarries is mostly outdated. Instead, the lower earning spouse can get alimony for a limited amount of time based on the difference in expected incomes and the length of marriage. Unless one spouse has a disability or some other legitimate reason, they're going to be expected to work, so expected income will at least be full time minimum wage.
Short marriages have no alimony to short periods of alimony, while longer marriages could result in alimony ranging from half the duration of the marriage to lifetime alimony (or at least until retirement).
The amount could be as little as 0$, but usually ranges from around 25% of the difference in expected income up to as much as 50% of the difference in expected incomes. It depends first on need. Once both spouses are above the need threshhold, the courts start considering fairness. If the higher income spouse has a low income, they have a good chance of paying up to 50% of the difference in incomes (since there's just not enough money for both to live decently, they suffer equally). If the higher income spouse has a high income and the low earning spouse is above the need threshhold, they'll pay a low percentage of the difference in incomes (unless the lower earning spouse has a good lawyer that can show how much the spouse sacrificed their career, the courts will usually feel fair is the spouse that makes the money gets to keep it). Once again, alimony varies greatly by state (it's hard to get alimony for any length of time in Texas, while Illinois has some old school ideas about marriage).
Both parents are expected to contribute to their kids upbringing in time, housing, food, health care, money, etc. The parent that has custody the most is contributing more in time, housing, food, etc, so the other parent can expect to contribute more monetarily. If custody is 50/50, then the higher earning spouse can expect to contribute more monetarily. This is where most states roughly equalize the income of both spouses, since the kids should theoretically experience similar lifestyles regardless of which parent they're staying with (in practice, the custodial parent usually suffers more financially than the non-custodial parent because of calling off work for sick kids, inability to move to a new state for improved career opportunities, etc). Once again, states vary wildly. (For example, Illinois seems to assume the male will always be the higher earning spouse and that the female will always be the custodial parent. As a result, a father with 50/50 custody could still pay child support even when he earns less than the mother, since child support is based solely on the 'non-custodial' parent's income; with the 'custodial' parent's income ignored completely. Men should never divorce in Illinois, while stay at home moms should never divorce in Texas, but most states reach some fair enough settlement, even if sometimes painful for both spouses.)
And adultery isn't punishable for all intents and purposes regardless of what's written in the books. Adultery usually has practically no impact on the financial settlement, if any at all. Courts (and lawyers) don't like dealing with divorcing couples' personal lives anymore. Divorce is just a way of dividing assets, debts, and kids.
