B Light & Space: Investigating the Unknown

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how do we know light stays consistent when traveling through the "not nothingness of space"? how do we know the rate at which light degrades as it travels through the medium that has to be there?
 
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john-of-the-divine said:
how do we know light stays consistent when traveling through the "not nothingness of space"? how do we know the rate at which light degrades as it travels through the medium that has to be there?
I want to help but I didnt understand your question
 
Ok, isn't there a substance within "empty space" that was at least once called aether?
 
john-of-the-divine said:
Ok, isn't there a substance within "empty space" that was at least once called aether?
Theres no substance in empty space.Theres no aether.

In old days people thought that "waves" need medium to travel.Like sound need a medium etc.So people in those days thought light is a wave so it should need a medium to travel which they called it aether.But Michelson–Morley experiment showed us that, there's no aether.
 
ah, but there was two conclusions derived from that experiment, or so I've read. I also read that Einstein said there has to be something or gravity itself didn't work. my understanding of that experiment was more or less deemed "inconclusive". if there is no medium, how does gravity work? I veiw gravity as pushing, not pulling. is that false?
 
john-of-the-divine said:
ah, but there was two conclusions derived from that experiment, or so I've read. I also read that Einstein said there has to be something or gravity itself didn't work. my understanding of that experiment was more or less deemed "inconclusive". if there is no medium, how does gravity work? I veiw gravity as pushing, not pulling. is that false?
:welcome:
Is your question about light or gravity? It seems like you are mixing concepts together where you don't have to...
Indeed, scientists once believed there was a medium (which they called the aether) in which light needed in order to travel. This was disproved, as electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through.
If you have questions about gravity, could you elaborate on them a little bit further?
 
john-of-the-divine said:
I also read that Einstein said there has to be something or gravity itself didn't work.
Where ? Any source ?
john-of-the-divine said:
my understanding of that experiment was more or less deemed "inconclusive".
Its not inconclusive..Its a fact of nature..Light doesn't need a medium to travel.
john-of-the-divine said:
if there is no medium, how does gravity work?
"Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve"(John Archibald Wheeler)
.Gravity is a fact of space-time curvature.
john-of-the-divine said:
I veiw gravity as pushing, not pulling. is that false?
Pushing pulling is strange words to describe the situation I guess.I would say matters attract each other
 
my question is how do they know how far light can travel? I think the term "space-time" needs further evaluation because I don't understand how gravity works if there's just nothing in space to bend. and if there is something, how do we know it's true effect on light?
 
john-of-the-divine said:
I think the term "space-time" needs further evaluation because I don't understand how gravity works

The fact that you don't understand something doesn't make it wrong.
 
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  • #10
do you understand what makes gravity? think of a surffer, does the wave push or does it pull him? so, what is it that mass bends to make gravity happen? I'm under the impression that science still doesn't understand gravity or what really causes this effect. how can something bend nothing?
 
  • #11
john-of-the-divine said:
my question is how do they know how far light can travel?
What is "known" so far is what has been observed: light has no problem traversing the entire width of the visible universe. So there is good reason to believe it travels forever.
...if there is something, how do we know it's true effect on light.
By observing how light behaves.
 
  • #12
john-of-the-divine said:
...how can something bend nothing?
The idea that space can be empty and yet have a geometry (and other properties) may be difficult to wrap your mind around, but it is well supported by observations.
 
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  • #13
john-of-the-divine said:
... how do we know it's true effect on light?
Because GR predicted that predicted very massive objects would act as a gravitational lens,
Then some time later, as telescopes improved, that is exactly what was observed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens
 
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  • #14
Per Wikipedia (Outer Space) referencing Davies, P. C. W. (1977), p. 93, The physics of time asymmetry

"...the mean free path of a photon in intergalactic space is about 10E23 km, or 10 billion light years."

It should be noted that at the Earth's surface a photon's mean free path (MFP) through air at standard temp and pressure is only about 2 meters, and the MFP is so short due to the vitreous humor in the eye that the photons that are absorbed by the retina are actually emitted within the eye itself (so even when star gazing these are brand new fresh photons, not "old ones" from outer space).
 
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  • #15
ok, I guess what I should ask is what causes the force of gravity? mass has to interact with something to cause gravity. Einstein coined the phrase space-time, what is space-time? what makes up the fabric of space? and how on Earth can we say this "fabric" doesn't have more of an effect on light then we think? I don't care what the Michelson-Morley experiment says because to me it just says light is really fast.
 
  • #16
john-of-the-divine said:
ok, I guess what I should ask is what causes the force of gravity? mass has to interact with something to cause gravity. Einstein coined the phrase space-time, what is space-time? what makes up the fabric of space?
The general answer to the question of "what is...?" anything, is that the thing you want to know about "is" the sum of its known and theorized properties. This is likely to be unsatisfying to you because the known/theorized properties of space are probably less than you want to believe it has.
...and how on Earth can we say this "fabric" doesn't have more of an effect on light then we think?
By observing how light behaves in it.
I don't care what the Michelson-Morley experiment says because to me it just says light is really fast.
That isn't a very good approach to learning.
 
  • #17
you're right, it might not be the right approach. I'm saying the scale of that experiment is nowhere near big enough is why I say that. I just never put much thought into what is space-time until I asked myself who to say there isn't something reacting on the photons to slow them down or absorb or destroy them. I'm questioning how do we really know what the effect that this "fabric" has on light? the only way we could tell is to send a probe deep into space, shoot a laser at it and see what happens. then go further and see what happens. just because we made these tests and experiments on Earth and not truly in space. or am I missing something? i just had a thought that if this fabric does effect light more than we think it does, then the math is wrong.
 
  • #18
guess the real answer is I should have went to a school that I could never afford. thanks for trying to help me understand.
 
  • #19
john-of-the-divine said:
you're right, it might not be the right approach. I'm saying the scale of that experiment is nowhere near big enough is why I say that.
I'm not sure what you mean, but ok...
... who to say there isn't something reacting on the photons to slow them down or absorb or destroy them. I'm questioning how do we really know what the effect that this "fabric" has on light? the only way we could tell is to send a probe deep into space, shoot a laser at it and see what happens. then go further and see what happens. just because we made these tests and experiments on Earth and not truly in space. or am I missing something?
Yes; astronomy. We learn a lot about space by observing light that has traveled across the universe.
i just had a thought that if this fabric does effect light more than we think it does, then the math is wrong.
Clearly. But the math describes very well what is observed.
guess the real answer is I should have went to a school that I could never afford. thanks for trying to help me understand
You're welcome, but don't give up on learning just because you didn't go to school for it. It's true that you won't be able to learn it to the same depth as a college degree, but there is some good learning you can do.
 
  • #20
what if the math was forced just to fit a model? no I'm not a flat earther, but they have math that works too, or so it seems. what if our math is wrong too? I asked this question and all of a sudden everything moved in closer and got smaller. we are told what numbers we have to use, and it seems to me that there's a chance it could be wrong. would the math still work if everything is closer, I think it would. 2+2=4...unless one of the 2s is actually a 3. again, thanks.
 
  • #21
Sounds to me like you are wondering if the canonical light speed measurement (two-way with the "mirror and clock") has ever been performed in space (or in vacuum in the lab on Earth). Seems like Ole Rømer, radio com with lunar astronauts, GPS system, laser distance measures to the prisms on the Moon, et al... are approaching if not meeting that.
 
  • #22
what did you mean by op? I see that your reply got edited.
 
  • #23
john-of-the-divine said:
what did you mean by op? I see that your reply got edited.
What did who mean? OP = "Original Post" (your first post in this thread) or "Original Poster" (you) in most cases on a discussion forum.
 
  • #24
this is my first time ever in a forum, don t know the lingo. the person above you used the abbreviation op but it was edited out. I just can't figure out the right question to ask.
 
  • #25
john-of-the-divine said:
this is my first time ever in a forum, don t know the lingo. the person above you used the abbreviation op but it was edited out. I just can't figure out the right question to ask.
Ah, okay. I just now used my Mentor superpowers to read his previous version, and he was just saying that it sounded like you hadn't heard of several very accurate experiments that have been done in pretty different ways to verify the speed of light and no aether. Have you read the Wikipedia pages about the speed of light and various experiments done to verify that c is constant in a vacuum and not dependent on moving through some medium?
 
  • #27
john-of-the-divine said:
what if the math was forced just to fit a model? no I'm not a flat earther, but they have math that works too, or so it seems. what if our math is wrong too?
It would be difficult for the math to be more than a little wrong because we use it to do practical things like navigate with Google maps and it works.
 
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  • #28
no, I haven't. how reliable is Wikipedia?
 
  • #29
john-of-the-divine said:
no, I haven't. how reliable is Wikipedia?
It's usually fine for well-understood stuff (which this is). For cutting edge theories, it can be a bit problematic (with lots of folks editing the articles). Give it a try and tell us what you think... :smile:
 
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  • #30
russ_watters said:
It would be difficult for the math to be more than a little wrong because we use it to do practical things like navigate with Google maps and it works.
from here to the moon isn't very far when you consider the vastness of space. idk, I'm checking out the link that berkeman sent me
 
  • #31
john-of-the-divine said:
from here to the moon isn't very far when you consider the vastness of space.
I'm not sure what that comment is in reference to, but our observations impacting Relativity span the entire observable universe.
 
  • #32
russ_watters said:
I'm not sure what that comment is in reference to, but our observations impacting Relativity span the entire observable universe.
The post that @bahamagreen edited used to have reference to the experiments using the retroreflectors on the moon.
 
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  • #33
how the heck came we see 46.5 billion light years when, as far as we can tell, the universe is only 14 billion years old. lol. guess the better guestiin to ask is what makes the force of gravity work? I see the model, I understand the model, what is the fabric of space time made of? it can't be nothing, because something can't bend nothing. 1×0=0
 
  • #34
russ_watters said:
I'm not sure what that comment is in reference to, but our observations impacting Relativity span the entire observable universe.
I'm saying that compared to the size of the universe, the distance to the moon is like an inch compared to 100 miles. I don't know the actual scale, but I'm saying we can't know the true effects on light until we can go a light year away, shoot a laser back to earth, and study that light.
 
  • #35
john-of-the-divine said:
I'm saying that compared to the size of the universe, the distance to the moon is like an inch compared to 100 miles. I don't know the actual scale, but I'm saying we can't know the true effects on light until we can go a light year away, shoot a laser back to earth, and study that light.
We've basically done that. We can look at the light from certain light sources (different kinds of stars and related bodies) at very different distances and compare them. What do you think the main difference is in the light coming from a nearby star and one a few billion light years (LY) away? :smile:
 
  • #36
john-of-the-divine said:
I'm saying we can't know the true effects on light until we can go a light year away, shoot a laser back to earth, and study that light.
It may not give quite the same information, but studying light that has traversed much of or all of the universe is plenty helpful.
 
  • #37
berkeman said:
We've basically done that. We can look at the light from certain light sources (different kinds of stars and related bodies) at very different distances and compare them. What do you think the main difference is in the light coming from a nearby star and one a few billion light years (LY) away? :smile:
ah, but all that is based on the belief that in space, the light takes x amount of time to travel x amount of miles, when we really don't know what the "fabric" of space time is made out of? I don't know, maybe I'm thinking too high for my tiny mind
 
  • #38
john-of-the-divine said:
ah, but all that is based on the belief that in space, the light takes x amount of time to travel x amount of miles, when we really don't know what the "fabric" of space time is made out of? I don't know, maybe I'm thinking too high for my tiny mind
If you're really asking what the "fabric" of spacetime is, I think I'll move this thread to the Relativity forum, where you can get more knowledgeable replies. I'll mark it with a "B" prefix to let others know that you'd like responses on a Basic level. :smile:
 
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  • #39
guess my guestiin can't be answered till we go out and see. not just
berkeman said:
If you're really asking what the "fabric" of spacetime is, I think I'll move this thread to the Relativity forum, where you can get more knowledgeable replies. I'll mark it with a "B" prefix to let others know that you'd like responses on a Basic level. :smile:
lol. thanks guys.
 
  • #40
There isn't an answer to "what is spacetime" in relativity. Relativity just says that spacetime has non-Euclidean geometry and predicts the rules of that geometry based on the mass and energy present. It doesn't say what spacetime is or how mass and energy modify geometry, only that they do.

"We don't know, we're working on it" is probably the high level answer. I don't know enough about quantum gravity theories to comment authoritatively, but I think explaining at least some of "what is spacetime" is part of what they are supposed to do. But we don't have a complete quantum gravity theory yet, let alone a complete and tested one.
 
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  • #41
ah, see, now that's what I'm trying to understand. I see the model of how gravity works in space-time, and I understand it, somewhat. so my original question is, how do we know that the "fabric" doesn't, over time, absorb, break down, destroy or even slowdown a photon of light? the math might work within our solar system but, what about the vast distance of space. if light is traveling through space-time, how can we know that there is no effect on the photon that is unseen, as of yet?
 
  • #42
john-of-the-divine said:
,,, I'm not a flat earther, but they have math that works too
No they don't.
Aside from which the Earth is observed to be a spheroid, unless you think satellites are fake or something.
 
  • #43
rootone said:
No they don't.
hence the reason why I said "or so it seems"
 
  • #44
john-of-the-divine said:
how do we know that the "fabric"
There is no fabric in GR. That is a very misleading pop-sci trope and is utterly useless for actually doing GR.

Spacetime is the geometry of physics. It consists of distances and angles. Since spacetime includes time the spacetime notion of distance includes duration and the notion of angles includes relative velocity. The math of spacetime is simply the math of a specific type of curved surfaces.
 
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  • #45
empty space really is just empty space?
 
  • #46
No, Quantum field theory suggests that everywhere in space has some or more or less of the same field stuff,
though the field is not itself a physical object, it is a distribution of probabilities.
If you think that's weird, a lot of people agree.
 
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  • #47
john-of-the-divine said:
guess the real answer is I should have went to a school that I could never afford. t
There's some serious good news here: Thanks to the internet you don't have to go to a ridiculously expensive top-flight school to learn this stuff. Textbooks and lecturers' notes from very strong academic programs are available online; for example, Sean Carroll and Gerard t'Hooft have both placed first-rate general relativity textbooks on the web, and there are many more good online resources.

On the other hand, you do have to work at it. Plan on spending several years of the same sort of effort that you'd put into learning anything else worthwhile, and resist the impulse to skip learning the math that's needed to deal with all of physics since Newton (who more than three hundred years ago invented calculus because he needed it to solve the open physics problems of his era). Nonetheless... A few years of concentrated effort will give you what some of the smartest people who ever lived spent centuries developing... That's good news.
 
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  • #48
I know there has to be something that mass effects to create gravity. I used the term "fabric" as a reflection of that something knowing it's really not a fabric, hahaha. But, this field, do you think it's the "aether", just different then what was once thought to exist?
 
  • #49
john-of-the-divine said:
empty space really is just empty space?
Yes, tautologically. X really is just X for any X.
 
  • #50
john-of-the-divine said:
But, this field, do you think it's the "aether", just different then what was once thought to exist?
The Michelson Morley experiment ruled out a rigid aether and ring interferometer experiments ruled out a dragged aether. The only aether that remains compatible with experiments is experimentally indistinguishable from no aether.
 
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