- #1
latentcorpse
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two questions here:
(i) my notes say that [itex]\frac{1}{e^{\frac{1}{z}}-1}[/itex] has an isolated singularity at [itex]z=\frac{1}{2 \pi i n}, n \in \mathbb{Z} \backslash \{0\}[/itex]
i can't see this though...
(ii) let [itex]b \in \mathbb{R}[/itex]. show
[itex]\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2} \cos{(2bx)} dx = e^{-b^2} \sqrt{\pi}[/itex]
we take a rectangular contour [itex]\Gamma[/itex] with vertices (R,0) , (R,b) , (-R,b) , (-R,0)
this integrand is holomorphic on the entire complex plane so Cauchy's Theorem tells us that
[itex]\int_{\Gamma}e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)} dz=0[/latex
now we define
[itex]\gamma_1[/itex] between (-R,0) and (R,0)
[itex]\gamma_2[/itex] between (R,0) and (R,b)
[itex]\gamma_3[/itex] between (R,b) and (-R,b)
[itex]\gamma_4[/itex] between (-R,b) and (-R,0)
so that [itex]\Gamma= \gamma_1 \cup \gamma_2 \cup \gamma_3 \cup \gamma_4[/itex]
now on [itex]\gamma_2[/itex] we use Jordan's lemma
the length of the curve is b
and we have [itex]|e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)}| \leq |e^{-z^2}|[/itex] as [itex]|\cos{(2bz)}| \leq 1[/itex]
we parameterise [itex]\gamma_2[/itex] by [itex]z=R+it, t \in [0,b][/itex]
so [itex]|e^{-z^2}| = |e^{-(R+it)^2}| \leq e^{t^2-R^2} \leq e^{b^2-R^2}[/itex]
so [itex]\int_{\gamma_2} e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)} dz \leq be^{b^2-R^2} \rightarrow 0[/itex] as [itex]R \rightarrow \infty [/itex]
and [itex]\gamma_4[/itex] vanishes simlarly
my problem is how to treat [itex]\gamma_3[/itex]. is it meant to be rearranged so that we get the integral over [itex]\gamma_3[/itex] is proportional to the integral over [itex]\gamma_1[/itex]. i was going to say it ISN'T because we want it to be non-zero so that the integral over [itex]\gamma_1[/itex] doesn't end up as 0.
this is what I've been trying:
parameterise [itex]\gamma_3[/itex] by [itex]z=z+ib , x \in [-R,R] [/itex]
[itex]\int_{\gamma_3} f(z) dz = \int_R^{-R} e^{-(x+ib)^2} \cos{(2b(x+ib))} dx[/itex]
do i continue down this road or am i supposed to be using Jordan's lemma here:
[itex]|e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)}| \leq |e^{-z^2}| = |e^{-x^2} e^{-2ixb} e^{b^2}| = |e^{b^2-x^2}| \leq e^{b^2}[/itex] as [itex]x \in [-R,R][/itex] and the length of this contour is b so
we'd end up with our desired integral being equal to [itex]-be^{b^2}[/itex] which is a bit off
any advice...
(i) my notes say that [itex]\frac{1}{e^{\frac{1}{z}}-1}[/itex] has an isolated singularity at [itex]z=\frac{1}{2 \pi i n}, n \in \mathbb{Z} \backslash \{0\}[/itex]
i can't see this though...
(ii) let [itex]b \in \mathbb{R}[/itex]. show
[itex]\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2} \cos{(2bx)} dx = e^{-b^2} \sqrt{\pi}[/itex]
we take a rectangular contour [itex]\Gamma[/itex] with vertices (R,0) , (R,b) , (-R,b) , (-R,0)
this integrand is holomorphic on the entire complex plane so Cauchy's Theorem tells us that
[itex]\int_{\Gamma}e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)} dz=0[/latex
now we define
[itex]\gamma_1[/itex] between (-R,0) and (R,0)
[itex]\gamma_2[/itex] between (R,0) and (R,b)
[itex]\gamma_3[/itex] between (R,b) and (-R,b)
[itex]\gamma_4[/itex] between (-R,b) and (-R,0)
so that [itex]\Gamma= \gamma_1 \cup \gamma_2 \cup \gamma_3 \cup \gamma_4[/itex]
now on [itex]\gamma_2[/itex] we use Jordan's lemma
the length of the curve is b
and we have [itex]|e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)}| \leq |e^{-z^2}|[/itex] as [itex]|\cos{(2bz)}| \leq 1[/itex]
we parameterise [itex]\gamma_2[/itex] by [itex]z=R+it, t \in [0,b][/itex]
so [itex]|e^{-z^2}| = |e^{-(R+it)^2}| \leq e^{t^2-R^2} \leq e^{b^2-R^2}[/itex]
so [itex]\int_{\gamma_2} e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)} dz \leq be^{b^2-R^2} \rightarrow 0[/itex] as [itex]R \rightarrow \infty [/itex]
and [itex]\gamma_4[/itex] vanishes simlarly
my problem is how to treat [itex]\gamma_3[/itex]. is it meant to be rearranged so that we get the integral over [itex]\gamma_3[/itex] is proportional to the integral over [itex]\gamma_1[/itex]. i was going to say it ISN'T because we want it to be non-zero so that the integral over [itex]\gamma_1[/itex] doesn't end up as 0.
this is what I've been trying:
parameterise [itex]\gamma_3[/itex] by [itex]z=z+ib , x \in [-R,R] [/itex]
[itex]\int_{\gamma_3} f(z) dz = \int_R^{-R} e^{-(x+ib)^2} \cos{(2b(x+ib))} dx[/itex]
do i continue down this road or am i supposed to be using Jordan's lemma here:
[itex]|e^{-z^2} \cos{(2bz)}| \leq |e^{-z^2}| = |e^{-x^2} e^{-2ixb} e^{b^2}| = |e^{b^2-x^2}| \leq e^{b^2}[/itex] as [itex]x \in [-R,R][/itex] and the length of this contour is b so
we'd end up with our desired integral being equal to [itex]-be^{b^2}[/itex] which is a bit off
any advice...