A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold fluids or gases at a pressure significantly different from the ambient pressure. They are commonly used in industries such as oil and gas, chemical, and pharmaceuticals.
Internal pressure effects refer to the stress and strain that a pressure vessel experiences due to the pressure exerted by the fluid or gas inside. This can cause the vessel to expand or contract, and if not properly designed, can lead to failure.
External pressures can also have an impact on pressure vessels. This can occur when a pressure vessel is buried underground or submerged in water. The external pressure can cause the vessel to deform, resulting in stress concentrations and potential failure.
When designing a pressure vessel, factors such as the material strength, thickness, and shape, as well as the type of fluid or gas being contained, must be taken into account to ensure the vessel can withstand both internal and external pressures. Other considerations include temperature, corrosion, and the presence of any external loads.
Pressure vessels undergo rigorous testing before they are put into service. This includes hydrostatic testing, where the vessel is filled with water and pressurized to a level above its maximum operating pressure to check for any leaks or deformations. They are also subject to non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic and radiographic testing to detect any flaws or defects. Regular inspections and maintenance are also essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of pressure vessels.