C++ is recognized for game development, Objective-C is favored for iOS applications, and Java is commonly used for Android apps. The discussion highlights that while certain languages are associated with specific applications, most programming languages are versatile and can be used for a variety of tasks. For instance, C++ may not be the best choice for browser-based games. The conversation also touches on the existence of specialized languages for different fields, such as Ada for aerospace applications and APL for mathematical programming. Additionally, esoteric languages like ArnoldC, which uses quotes from Arnold Schwarzenegger movies, are mentioned humorously, showcasing the diversity in programming languages. Overall, the importance of selecting the right language for specific tasks is emphasized, with a suggestion that beginners should start with Python for its ease of learning and versatility.