Relationship between EM Radiation Energy and Electric/Magnetic Field Magnitude

[apratim.ankur]

the energy of em radiation (or photon) is proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
the em radiation (or photon) is composed of oscillating Electric and Magnetic fields.
as such this energy must be stored in the oscillating electric and magnetic fields constituting the radiation.
therefore the energy of the em radiation (or photon) must be related to the Magnitude of Electric and Magnetic fields associated with it...(i.e. the Amplitude of the em field constituting it)...(because greater the magnitude of electromagnetic field , greater would be the energy stored in it and vice-versa).
What is inappropriate here?

 

[berkeman]

the energy of em radiation (or photon) is proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
the em radiation (or photon) is composed of oscillating Electric and Magnetic fields.
as such this energy must be stored in the oscillating electric and magnetic fields constituting the radiation.
therefore the energy of the em radiation (or photon) must be related to the Magnitude of Electric and Magnetic fields associated with it...(i.e. the Amplitude of the em field constituting it)...(because greater the magnitude of electromagnetic field , greater would be the energy stored in it and vice-versa).
What is inappropriate here?

You are mixing concepts from a single photon in with general EM radiation (consisting of many photons).

For a single photon, you are correct that E = hf (f = frequency). So given that energy, you can calculate the magnitude of the associated electric and magnetic fields for that single photon.

 

[soothsayer]

I think you are confusing the energy of a single photon (which is only a function of frequency) to the energy contained in electromagnetic radiation, which is made of a bunch of photons. Also remember that photons don't have an electric and magnetic fields to contribute to their energies (they are electrically neutral) but virtual photons create electric and magnetic fields.

 

[apratim.ankur]

ok, for a single photon the energy E = hv .
Given that energy I calculate the magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields associated with that single photon.
I get a definite answer. Doesn't this mean that its energy is related to the magnitude of em fields associated with it (as knowledge of the former allows me to calculate the latter or vice-versa)?
sorry if it appears stupid, but I am confused...

 

[apratim.ankur]

ok..but isn't the energy associated with a single photon of electromagnetic nature? and if that is so why isn't it related to the amplitude of the em fields associated to it?
please bear with my confusion..

 

[jtbell]

For a single photon, you are correct that E = hf (f = frequency). So given that energy, you can calculate the magnitude of the associated electric and magnetic fields for that single photon.

ok, for a single photon the energy E = hv .
Given that energy I calculate the magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields associated with that single photon.

Classically, the E and B fields at a given point are associated with an energy density (joules / m³) $u$ at that point:

$$u = \frac{\epsilon_0}{2} E^2 + \frac{1}{2 \mu_0} B^2$$

Therefore, in order to associate magnitudes of E and B fields to a photon, you need to associate a volume with the photon. But photons are quanta of energy, and volume does not enter into their fundamental description. In general, you can't think of a photon as a small localized object, as a sort of "fuzzy ball," as far as I know. The "spatial extent" of a photon depends on the method that you use to produce it, that is, it's basically a result of the production apparatus and not a fundamental statement about photons in general.

 

[soothsayer]

ok..but isn't the energy associated with a single photon of electromagnetic nature? and if that is so why isn't it related to the amplitude of the em fields associated to it?

No, the energy associated with a single photon is not of an electromagnetic nature. That is to say, photons are not made of tiny quantum electromagnetic fields, but rather, photons are the building blocks of electromagnetic fields.

Given that energy I calculate the magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields associated with that single photon.

This is also incorrect thinking, for the same reason as above. It does not make sense to talk about the "magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields associated with a single photon." Photons are fundamental particles, they are neither made of E/M fields nor can a lone photon create an E/M field.

 

[Dickfore]

Classically, the E and B fields at a given point are associated with an energy density (joules / m³) $u$ at that point:

$$u = \frac{\epsilon_0}{2} E^2 + \frac{1}{2 \mu_0} B^2$$

Therefore, in order to associate magnitudes of E and B fields to a photon, you need to associate a volume with the photon. But photons are quanta of energy, and volume does not enter into their fundamental description. In general, you can't think of a photon as a small localized object, as a sort of "fuzzy ball," as far as I know. The "spatial extent" of a photon depends on the method that you use to produce it, that is, it's basically a result of the production apparatus and not a fundamental statement about photons in general.

But you may certainly find the average density of photons (number of photons per unit volume) corresponding to a monochromatic em wave.

 

[apratim.ankur]

No, the energy associated with a single photon is not of an electromagnetic nature. That is to say, photons are not made of tiny quantum electromagnetic fields, but rather, photons are the building blocks of electromagnetic fields.

This is also incorrect thinking, for the same reason as above. It does not make sense to talk about the "magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields associated with a single photon." Photons are fundamental particles, they are neither made of E/M fields nor can a lone photon create an E/M field.

But then as photon is what we may conceive as the fundamental building block of em energy, can't we consider it as the smallest bit/quanta/lump of the same em energy? Wouldn't it make some sense then (to talk about the corresponding em field)?

 

[soothsayer]

But you may certainly find the average density of photons (number of photons per unit volume) corresponding to a monochromatic em wave.

This is definitely true.

But then as photon is what we may conceive as the fundamental building block of em energy, can't we consider it as the smallest bit/quanta/lump of the same em energy? Wouldn't it make some sense then (to talk about the corresponding em field)?

Ehh, a single particle alone does not a field make. It's sort of a semantic argument; you're trying too hard to apply CLASSICAL E/M principles and equations to a totally QUANTUM situation. As Dickfore mentioned above, the amplitude of an E/M field is related to the density of photons in the field, and obviously, it makes no sense to talk about the density of photons in a photon. You cannot look at a single grain of sand and ask what the size of its beach is.

 

[cmos]

But then as photon is what we may conceive as the fundamental building block of em energy, can't we consider it as the smallest bit/quanta/lump of the same em energy? Wouldn't it make some sense then (to talk about the corresponding em field)?

I have to disagree with most of what soothsayer has posted above as being wrong. The above quote is correct.

Photons are the quantization of the EM field -- end of story. Going back to the middle of the story, jtbell indicated above a way to calculate the energy density of the EM field. Then given a certain volume in space, one can directly calculate the (mean) number of photons in that volume. The assumption is that a continuous EM wave propagates throughout that volume. A more useful metric would be to determine the intensity (J/s/m^2 = W/m^2) of an EM wave that passes through a surface. Then you could determine the number of photons that pass through the surface per unit time.

The important concept to note here is that as you increase the energy/power of the EM wave, it's the number of photons the increases. Why? Because of E=hf. More energy, more photons.

 

[soothsayer]

I have to disagree with most of what soothsayer has posted above as being wrong. The above quote is correct.

Photons are the quantization of the EM field -- end of story. Going back to the middle of the story, jtbell indicated above a way to calculate the energy density of the EM field. Then given a certain volume in space, one can directly calculate the (mean) number of photons in that volume. The assumption is that a continuous EM wave propagates throughout that volume. A more useful metric would be to determine the intensity (J/s/m^2 = W/m^2) of an EM wave that passes through a surface. Then you could determine the number of photons that pass through the surface per unit time.

The important concept to note here is that as you increase the energy/power of the EM wave, it's the number of photons the increases. Why? Because of E=hf. More energy, more photons.

How is that different from what I told him?

 

[cmos]

Ehh, a single particle alone does not a field make. It's sort of a semantic argument; you're trying too hard to apply CLASSICAL E/M principles and equations to a totally QUANTUM situation. As Dickfore mentioned above, the amplitude of an E/M field is related to the density of photons in the field, and obviously, it makes no sense to talk about the density of photons in a photon. You cannot look at a single grain of sand and ask what the size of its beach is.

My last post seems to have been posted at the same time as the above quote. The quote clears up some of what I disagreed about with soothsayer.

True that "it makes no sense to talk about the density of photons in a photon," however, the OP essentially asked about the density of photons in the (classical) field. As you said, this is a valid inquiry. But, going further, a single photon is (in the language of QFT) a excitation of the EM field. As such, you cannot say that it has nothing to do with electric and magnetic fields since it IS an EM field.

 

[PhilDSP]

How is that different from what I told him?

I think he is complaining about this statement:

No, the energy associated with a single photon is not of an electromagnetic nature.

I was going to question why you think that and what are your references. As far as I know, the only reason to believe a photon is not 100% EM energy is that there needs to be something to hold the energy focalized so that it doesn't dissipate or spread in space as waves tend to do.

 

[sophiecentaur]

The "spatial extent" of a photon depends on the method that you use to produce it, that is, it's basically a result of the production apparatus and not a fundamental statement about photons in general.

This is a difficult area because that statement suggests that not all photons with the same energy are 'identical'. I don't see that this can be true. I would rather say that the 'effective extent' of a photon relates only at the period of interaction with the source or receiver and is more to do with what goes on at each end than with any idea of 'size' for the photon.
If you think in terms of a resonant system absorbing or emitting a quantum of energy, the time it would take to change its energy state would relate, in a classical way, to the Q factor (God knows what that means in the context of QM) of the resonant system. I would tend to think that QM systems which could undergo the same energy change would not be likely to have this same 'Q factor' so one type of system could produce a photon and this same photon could expect to be absorbed by a totally different type of system.

 

[soothsayer]

I was not trying to say that photons are completely unrelated from EM radiation, what I was trying to get across is that you cannot determine the energy of a photon via classical computation for energy in an electromagnetic field, as the OP wanted to do. You can't say: "Well, for a single photon, the amplitude of its electric field is this and the amplitude of its magnetic field is this, so it's energy should be this: derived from the strength of its E and B fields."

It was inaccurate of me to say that the energy of a photon was not associated with electromagnetic energy, but what I was trying to say is that the energy of a photon is not determined by the strength of some quantum EM field that is contained in it, it's indeed determined purely by frequency of light.

 

[sophiecentaur]

It would be a meaningful thing to relate the density of a stream of photons to the energy density of an EM 'beam' - which would give you the values of the fields. But that would really be putting it 'the other way round' and very different from assigning an actual set of fields to an individual photon. For a start, you couldn't give the photon an actual 'area' because that is undefinable so you couldn't, consequently, give it a value of energy flux or field values. It can be regarded as extending over the whole of the wave front and over a range of possible positions on any 'ray path' you could assume.
It's just not a good idea to keep trying to impose 'old fashioned' values on photons. It may give an illusion of better understanding but it doesn't actually get you anywhere. They are 'photons' and photons are like photons - nothing else.

 

[soothsayer]

It would be a meaningful thing to relate the density of a stream of photons to the energy density of an EM 'beam' - which would give you the values of the fields. But that would really be putting it 'the other way round' and very different from assigning an actual set of fields to an individual photon...

...It's just not a good idea to keep trying to impose 'old fashioned' values on photons. It may give an illusion of better understanding but it doesn't actually get you anywhere. They are 'photons' and photons are like photons - nothing else.

Thank you, that was exactly my point but put a little bit more succinctly.

 

[PhilDSP]

Interesting point about the beam. That seems like a simple experiment to perform and control. Have there been experiments generating meaningful data where some sort of side-by-side arrangement and density of photons is involved? I suppose a wide beam laser experiment would qualify.

 

[sophiecentaur]

Interesting point about the beam. That seems like a simple experiment to perform and control. Have there been experiments generating meaningful data where some sort of side-by-side arrangement and density of photons is involved? I suppose a wide beam laser experiment would qualify.

I don't quite see what sort of "experiment" you think would tell you anything about this. It is surely well enough established what the photon energy is at a given frequency. You only need to divide the total energy flux by hf to find how many photons are involved. But that would tell you nothing (it would be meaningless) or imply anything about the 'fields' associated with each photon. You might as well ask "How many houses are there in a brick?" The simple Mathematical operation of taking the reciprocal of "how many bricks are there in a house?" would give you a numerical answer but what would it mean? - One brick is 1/2000 of a front wall plus 1/2000 of a back wall plus 1/1000 of some foundations etc. etc. But it isn't, is it? A brick is just a brick and it is just a contribution to the part of the house where you happen to find it.
If you are trying to build a picture of a photon as a 'little squiggle' of fields, somewhere in space, you are onto a loser. That is nothing like any of the valid models of the photon that we use these days.

 

[cmos]

You only need to divide the total energy flux by hf to find how many photons are involved. But that would tell you nothing (it would be meaningless) or imply anything about the 'fields' associated with each photon.
...
If you are trying to build a picture of a photon as a 'little squiggle' of fields, somewhere in space, you are onto a loser. That is nothing like any of the valid models of the photon that we use these days.

I disagree with this. By quantizing the EM field, what you are left with is a quantum of the field, i.e. the field of one photon. Under canonical quantization, the electric and magnetic fields (if you want to be pedantic, the electric field and vector potential) are elevated to the status of Hermitian operators. If you were to quantize the field in a cubic box of side L, then the "magnitude" of the electric-field operator is

e = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar\omega}{2\epsilon_0 L^3}} .

I was under the impression that the common interpretation of e is that it is the electric field of one photon. Indeed, this make sense in terms of basic intuition. For example, if a single photon were radiated into completely empty space, then L would be so large that at any arbitrary location we would most likely never be able to detect the photon since it's field would be too weak to interact with our instruments (intuitively, send out a single photon into the whole of the universe and chances are you'll never find it). On the other hand, an extremely confined photon would exhibit such a large-valued field that it would more than certainly interact with whatever matter surrounds it.

 

[sophiecentaur]

I was under the impression that the common interpretation of e is that it is the electric field of one photon. Indeed, this make sense in terms of basic intuition. For example, if a single photon were radiated into completely empty space, then L would be so large that at any arbitrary location we would most likely never be able to detect the photon since it's field would be too weak to interact with our instruments (intuitively, send out a single photon into the whole of the universe and chances are you'll never find it). On the other hand, an extremely confined photon would exhibit such a large-valued field that it would more than certainly interact with whatever matter surrounds it.

You need to ask yourself, if it's all down to "common intuition", why was QM such a revolutionary idea and why has it taken so long to sort it out? It just can't be 'that obvious' or the great minds wouldn't have been struggling so long.
I am not sure that I have ever read this "common interpretation" in anywhere of substance. ("e" usually stands for the electronic Charge and charge is not Field). If you consider the definition of what a Field is, then it is a set of values (scalar or vector) over a region of space; it is defined at a point. Which point would you choose to apply your definition of the field of a photon? In the case of the two slits experiment, would you apply it to each slit or just one. And what about a diffraction grating? Suddenly you would need to have a field at every slot in the grating. In fact, there is no reasonable way to describe the photon in terms of a field distribution in space because the same photon would hava a different field distribution, according to the situation it's in. We can have no knowledge about the 'position' of a photon in space, nor any notion of its 'size'.

 

[cmos]

You need to ask yourself, if it's all down to "common intuition", why was QM such a revolutionary idea and why has it taken so long to sort it out? It just can't be 'that obvious' or the great minds wouldn't have been struggling so long

It took 1300 years from the fall of Rome for Newton to appear and formalize modern physics. It then took ~230 years to formalize particle-based quantum mechanics. Within 20-30 years from that, quantum field theory was formalized. In the grand scheme of things, quantum theory didn't really take that long.

I didn't say that the result was obvious but merely that the results relate to some sort of basic intuition if you make the "correct" interpretation.

I am not sure that I have ever read this "common interpretation" in anywhere of substance. ("e" usually stands for the electronic Charge and charge is not Field).

Clearly I used the variable e to stand for the "magnitude" of the electric-field operator of quantum mechanics. It does not stand for charge; this is obvious. Give me better LaTeX commands and next time I'll make a script capital "E" for you.

If you've never even quantized the EM field before, then Google "quantization of the electromagnetic field." The 2nd edition of Sakurai does it, most/all books on quantum optics do it, even some books on quantum field theory do it.

If you consider the definition of what a Field is, then it is a set of values (scalar or vector) over a region of space; it is defined at a point. Which point would you choose to apply your definition of the field of a photon? In the case of the two slits experiment, would you apply it to each slit or just one. And what about a diffraction grating? Suddenly you would need to have a field at every slot in the grating. In fact, there is no reasonable way to describe the photon in terms of a field distribution in space because the same photon would hava a different field distribution, according to the situation it's in. We can have no knowledge about the 'position' of a photon in space, nor any notion of its 'size'.

As with any quantum-mechanical operator, the operator yields statistics/amplitudes related to measurements only after you make projections on quantum states (i.e. calculating matrix elements). True, the field at a specific point is not well characterized in this scheme, but the field associated with the photon is still defined. Also note that I was very careful to say that the result I quoted applies for a field quantized "in a cubic box of side L." This works well for cavity fields (cavity QED is a hot research topic) and for forming statistics of a photodetector; however, other quantization schemes may exist.

 

[sophiecentaur]

I was being a bit dumb about the "e" thing!
I also take your point about the 'bound photon' situation but this is only relevant when it is actually bound - which is not the case when you consider a photon on its way from A to B, which is the situation when you have a flux of energy.
My argument against quantising a photon field still holds when you can't specify where and when you are measuring it, I think.

 

[soothsayer]

Can someone clear something up for me? It seems like there are two types of photons to deal with here. We have electromagnetic radiation: alternating E and B fields, which are made up of force-carrying virtual photons, are they not? But these are not the photons that we see when the radiation reaches us, are they? What's the difference? Seems like there would be force carrying and non force carrying photons in EM radiation.

 

[cmos]

I was being a bit dumb about the "e" thing!
I also take your point about the 'bound photon' situation but this is only relevant when it is actually bound - which is not the case when you consider a photon on its way from A to B, which is the situation when you have a flux of energy.
My argument against quantising a photon field still holds when you can't specify where and when you are measuring it, I think.

Ah, I think you are arguing against (or assuming the OP's inquiry is) something along the lines of, "what happens when we find a field/photon somewhere in space and then quantize it?" This, to the best of my knowledge, is not how quantum mechanics is/can be done. Rather, you take the general properties of a classical field, irrespective of whether you have a field in front of your or not, and then quantize it. Only once you've reach that point, can you even begin to look for photons.

In more mathematical language, you first form (Hermitian) field operators -- these represent the quantization of the field. At that point, you use the operators on photon states to give you measurable amplitudes -- this represents your search for actual photons (remember, the quantum states are always there, whether or not they are occupied is the question).

 

[cmos]

Can someone clear something up for me? It seems like there are two types of photons to deal with here. We have electromagnetic radiation: alternating E and B fields, which are made up of force-carrying virtual photons, are they not? But these are not the photons that we see when the radiation reaches us, are they? What's the difference? Seems like there would be force carrying and non force carrying photons in EM radiation.

All photons (real or virtual) carry energy and momentum. Their interaction with matter imparts energy and momentum to matter. The distinction of real/virtual is in the dynamics of how the photons interact with matter. A good rule of thumb is this: if it is "easy" to explicitly detect the photons (e.g. being blinded by the sun), then they are real; if it is "difficult" to explicitly detect the photons (e.g. Coulomb scattering of two electrons), then they are virtual.

 

[sophiecentaur]

Ah, I think you are arguing against (or assuming the OP's inquiry is) something along the lines of, "what happens when we find a field/photon somewhere in space and then quantize it?" This, to the best of my knowledge, is not how quantum mechanics is/can be done. Rather, you take the general properties of a classical field, irrespective of whether you have a field in front of your or not, and then quantize it. Only once you've reach that point, can you even begin to look for photons.

In more mathematical language, you first form (Hermitian) field operators -- these represent the quantization of the field. At that point, you use the operators on photon states to give you measurable amplitudes -- this represents your search for actual photons (remember, the quantum states are always there, whether or not they are occupied is the question).

We can predict or infer the field at a point in space but I wouldn't say that the same thing goes for the photon. We can only 'predict' the presence of a photon somewhere in space on a probability basis but when we 'find' a photon somewhere then it is nowhere else (we have resolved the uncertainty).
I find it much easier to say that the photon only 'exists' when the field is produced or detected. That means that it doesn't have to be anywhere /anywhen between its emission or its detection so discussing its (conventional) properties in between is pretty meaningless. I feel very strongly that people should be strongly discouraged from using the very concrete models of the photon that abound in this and other forums. Most of those models disregard the quality and 'authority' of the vast amount of work that has been done on QM in favour of 'intuitive' and backward-looking ideas. I may be batting on about this, over-much but the little bullets or squiggles models are difficult to discourage.

btw - re your statement about 'intuition', earlier. As far as I can see, 'intuition' is only the process of taking enough of what you already know to use that to advance your knowledge and understanding. And that is something which frequently leads to wrong conclusions. Models of the Universe (Flat Earth / Geocentric / Heliocentric etc) are all perfectly intuitive but, with hindsight they appear 'misguided'. So the 'intuition argument' can't ever be a very strong one. As for the relatively short timescale for QM to be worked out - I could suggest that there were at least as many 'informed-man-hours' of effort involved as in any of the other, earlier, revolutions, despite the long transition times involved.

I understand that and I think it actually agrees with what I have been saying.

 

[cmos]

But the photon IS a quantum of the electromagnetic field; they are one and the same. To predict or infer the (classical) field is to predict or infer quanta of the field.

Also, the "squiggle models" are precisely how we do calculations...

 

[Darwin123]

the energy of em radiation (or photon) is proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
...
What is inappropriate here?

Your initial hypothesis.
The energy of em radiation is not equal to a photon. You start out by assuming it is. That is like equating the strength of a crowd to the strength of an individual. They are not the same thing.
EM radiation consists of many photons. The total energy is the product of the number of photons and the energy per photon.
If the frequency of the radiation increases slightly, but the number of photons decreases by a large amount, then the total energy of the em radiation can decrease. The total energy of the em radiation is still proportional to the product.

 

[sophiecentaur]

But the photon IS a quantum of the electromagnetic field; they are one and the same. To predict or infer the (classical) field is to predict or infer quanta of the field.

Also, the "squiggle models" are precisely how we do calculations...

Just because the electromagnetic field can be characterised as consisting of quanta, this in no way implies that the quanta (of energy?) are actually 'like' that field. I refer you to my analogy with bricks and houses. I guess you would acknowledge the fact that photons are not 'anywhere' until they are actually detected. However, at the same time as this is true, the Fields with which they are associated are very predictable with only the uncertainty associated with any classical measurement. A statistical distribution doesn't describe individuals which are part of the data.

The 'squiggle' model in the Feynman diagram is purely symbolic, I think you'll find. I am pretty sure that a reference to Feynman's actual statement to that effect was in a fairly recent thread here - but I couldn't put my finger on it, I'm afraid. To assign any more significance to it would be like saying an H field is 'H-shaped' or a Force has an arrow on it because that's the way we often draw vectors. I would be interested in your personal mental picture of the photon that you are using for this discussion. I think it sounds far too 'concrete' to be part of QM. Does it have a wavelength, an extent etc.?

 

[Darwin123]

Can someone clear something up for me? It seems like there are two types of photons to deal with here. We have electromagnetic radiation: alternating E and B fields, which are made up of force-carrying virtual photons, are they not? But these are not the photons that we see when the radiation reaches us, are they? What's the difference? Seems like there would be force carrying and non force carrying photons in EM radiation.

The photons that we see a referred to as "real photons". The force mediators in static fields are referred to as "virtual photons". Photons carry force, whether they are real or virtual. Real photons persist until they collide with another particle.
Real photons are generated by an electric current or the magnet moments that oscillate. Real photons travel a much greater distance than virtual photons.
Virtual photons are generated by an electric charge or magnetic moment whether or not it oscillates. Virtual photons don't travel very far from the electric charge or magnetic moment. They disappear at very short distances from the electric charge or moment. The distance at which they disappear is determined by the uncertainty principle.
The words "real" and "virtual" do not confer any judgement on the metaphysical existence of these photons. They refer to the mathematical treatment of the corresponding physical properties. Whenever a physicist talks about "photons" without specifying "real" or virtual, by default he is talking about "real" photons. Most of the discussions about photons in optics deals with real photons.
Here are two extreme physical limits that may clarify things a little. Energy is transferred large distances from an oscillating electric charge by real photons. Energy is transferred by quasistatic electric and magnetic fields for short distances by virtual photons.

 

[soothsayer]

Virtual photons don't travel very far from the electric charge or magnetic moment. They disappear at very short distances from the electric charge or moment. The distance at which they disappear is determined by the uncertainty principle.

That's not true; Electromagnetism would not have an infinite range if the virtual photons mediating it had a finite range. I was under the impression that the range of the virtual photon should be infinite since it is massless, thus it circumvents the uncertainty principle because the photon has no reference frame or Δt of which to speak of.

 

[Darwin123]

That's not true; Electromagnetism would not have an infinite range if the virtual photons mediating it had a finite range. I was under the impression that the range of the virtual photon should be infinite since it is massless, thus it circumvents the uncertainty principle because the photon has no reference frame or Δt of which to speak of.

The photon is not truly "massless". It has a zero rest mass. However, it can have a large relativistic mass. The energy of a photon is never zero. The photon always has a finite energy in any inertial frame. The uncertainty relationship holds to energy and time, not rest mass and time.
Photons have a zero rest mass. This does not mean that they have no energy. So your reasoning doesn't really work on photons.
When we talk about "range", we are talking about the distance a photon can travel from the electric charge that generates it. Therefore, the discussion is simplest in the inertial frame where the electric charge isn't moving, or in which it is moving slowly. As far as an observer traveling with the electric charge is concerned, the photon has energy.
There is more than one way to relate "virtual" with "forbidden polarization". Some physicists like to express the equations in covariant form, consistent with special relativity. They divide photons into four polarization states. Horizontal and vertical are the two polarization states for "real" photons. "Longitudinal" and "time-like" are additional polarization states for "virtual photons."
So the SR picture looks like this. A photon is characterized by a polarization four vector that can point in any of the four dimensions of space time. It can in the direction of the propagation vector, in the direction of the time dimension, horizontal to the propagation vector, or vertical to the propagation vector. A virtual photon can have any of these four polarizations. However, "real" photons have a polarization vector that is either horizontal or vertical.
Here is another quote. This is from the following book:
"Advanced Quantum Mechanics" by J. J. Sakurai (Pearson Education, 2008) page 268.
"We have argued that a virtual photon can be visualized as having four states of polarization. One the other hand, we know that a real photon, or a free photon, has only two states of polarization...If one wishes, one may say that the photon always has four states of polarization regardless of whether it is virtual or real, but that whenever it is real, the timelike photon and the longitudinal photon always give rise to contributions which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign."

I find it somewhat satisfying to think about the four dimensional generalization of polarization. The four polarization states correspond to the four dimensions in space-time. However, real photons are characterized by the transverse polarization states (horizontal, vertical). The other two polarization states (longitudinal, timelike) are purely virtual.

At least I can make a classical analog out of this. The mathematics in quantum mechanics corresponds somewhat to the mathematics in classical electrodynamics. So when my brain wilts from the quantum mechanics, I have a classical picture to fall back on.

 

[Darwin123]

ok, for a single photon the energy E = hv .

I get a definite answer. Doesn't this mean that its energy is related to the magnitude of em fields associated with it (as knowledge of the former allows me to calculate the latter or vice-versa)?
sorry if it appears stupid, but I am confused...

The number of photons is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the EM fields.

 

[sophiecentaur]

It is sometimes better to consider the Energy rather than the Field because the E and H fields do not always have the same ratio (when not in a Vacuum) and Z₀ is different.

 

[apratim.ankur]

one question is in the diagram itself and there is another one based on that here :- would this induced E-field (in the wires) be equal or related to the E-field component of the incident light as per the diagram?
sorry for the crude drawing

 

[soothsayer]

The photon is not truly "massless". It has a zero rest mass. However, it can have a large relativistic mass. The energy of a photon is never zero. The photon always has a finite energy in any inertial frame. The uncertainty relationship holds to energy and time, not rest mass and time.
Photons have a zero rest mass. This does not mean that they have no energy. So your reasoning doesn't really work on photons.

I know all of this, I have a degree in physics :P

First, I don't at all like the term "relativistic mass", it's antiquated, and educators are no longer using it. Mass is invariant under the Lorentz transformation, and it doesn't really shed any light on anything to make up some new form of mass that varies with velocity; there is a more formal explanation for why energy goes to infinity as a massive object approaches c.

Second, nowhere did I say that photons don't have momentum or energy. That would just be silly! You may recall an experimental argument for the uncertainty principle, in which relativistic muons created in the upper atmosphere are detected on the Earth's surface, when they should have decayed long before reaching it. Because the muons are traveling close to c, their measurement of Δt between creation and decay is much different than ours, and their journey to the Earth's surface happens in a time interval, in their reference frame, which is shorter than their decay time in that reference frame. It was explained to me that the infinite range of electromagnetism happens the same way. Photons travel exactly the speed of light. In SR, it doesn't make sense to talk about time and space from the reference frame of a photon, and this is why infinitely propagating virtual photons don't violate the Uncertainty principle. Though, the more I think about this explanation, the less it makes sense, because it seems to violate energy conservation in other frames. Maybe you can work through that one for me.

I understood the rest of your post, but I didn't understand where you were going with it. What does virtual photon polarization have to do with the range of electromagnetism or the range of virtual photons? (Not saying it doesn't have anything to do with it, I'm just curious, and I didn't see the connection in your post.)

 

[Darwin123]

That's not true; Electromagnetism would not have an infinite range if the virtual photons mediating it had a finite range. I was under the impression that the range of the virtual photon should be infinite since it is massless, thus it circumvents the uncertainty principle because the photon has no reference frame or Δt of which to speak of.

Electromagnetism doesn't really have an infinite range. The statement "infinite range" is a qualitative statement meaning "very big". If you preferentially weight the interactions with large momentum transfer, the effective range is much less than infinite.
I can not tell for sure what you mean by infinite range. However, I conjecture that you mean that the scattering total cross section of an electric charge is infinite. However, the total cross section includes interactions with a very low change in momentum. The total cross section is merely the integrated value of the differential cross section over all angles.
The differential cross section of an electric charge is finite, decreasing with scattering angle. The momentum transfer increases with scattering angle. The scattering angle decreases with distance of closest approach to the charge. Therefore, the momentum transfer is actually decreasing with distance of closest approach. If you think of the distance of closest approach as a type of "range", one can easily see that the "range" decreases with momentum transfer. The momentum transfer is proportional to the energy of a photon. So the "range" of the electric field actually decreases with photon energy.
Your visual picture implies that a Coulomb potential has an infinite range because the electric field is nonzero at all finite distances. However, that is equally true of the Yukawa potential (i.e., exponentially decreasing potential). The fact that the meson or gluon has a nonzero rest mass does not change the fact that the Yukawa potential tapers off to zero at infinite distances.
The truth is that almost all force laws present a nonzero force at finite distances. The Yukawa potential results in a finite value for the total cross section. In contrast, the Coulomb potential has an infinite value for total cross section. Both forces decrease with distance and never disappear completely.
Virtual photons with greater energy don't travel as far as virtual photons of low energy because of the uncertainty principle. This corresponds to a differential potential that decreases with scattering angle. Claiming that virtual photons travel forever because of their zero mass is misleading.
In fact, photons have a zero REST mass. The zero rest mass is associated with an infinite value for total cross section of an electric charge. However, the total cross section is not really a range.
One can correlate a "range" with the square root of the differential cross section. However, the differential cross section varies with momentum transfer. Therefore, one could say that the range varies with the momentum of the photon.
The uncertainty you should be considering is not in energy, but momentum. The uncertainty is determined by,
2πΔpΔx≥h
where Δp is the momentum of the virtual photon, Δx is the "range" and h is Planck's constant. Even though the rest mass is zero, Δp does not have to be zero.
The photon should not be called massless since it has a momentum. It should be called "rest massless."
The following link is badly written. It claims that “since the photon has no mass, the coulomb potential has an infinite range.” It does not make it clear what they mean by range and what them mean by mass.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_particle
“Some field interactions which may be seen in terms of virtual particles are:
The Coulomb force (static electric force) between electric charges. It is caused by the exchange of virtual photons. In symmetric 3-dimensional space this exchange results in the inverse square law for electric force. Since the photon has no mass, the coulomb potential has an infinite range.
The magnetic field between magnetic dipoles. It is caused by the exchange of virtual photons. In symmetric 3-dimensional space this exchange results in the inverse square law for magnetic force. Since the photon has no mass, the magnetic potential has an infinite range.”

I am pretty sure that by mass they mean “rest mass” and by range they mean “total cross section.” However, what you think of as range probably has to do with differential cross section than total cross section.
Each virtual photon has a finite "range" that decreases with its momentum. Since the rest mass of a photon has nothing to do with its momentum, the range has nothing to do with its rest mass.
There is a conceptual construct called "relativistic mass" that resolves some these intuitive problems. However, I have been told that it causes more problems then it resolves. So I won't insist on using "relativistic mass." What is important is that a photon has a nonzero momentum.

 

[soothsayer]

I understand everything you try to say, but you lose me when you say that the Yukawa and Coulomb potentials have infinite range even though the photos, gluons, etc that are responsible for the potential do not have infinite range. Does the first derivative of the potential go to zero after a finite amount of distance? In classical electromagnetism, the Coulomb Force is proportional to r^-2. This means that the force is nonzero for all finite r. Am I to understand that QED puts a constraint on this force, such that the Coulomb force is zero for some finite r? If not, then how can there be a force at some arbitrarily large r where virtual photons cannot reach due to their limited nature?

 

[Darwin123]

I understand everything you try to say, but you lose me when you say that the Yukawa and Coulomb potentials have infinite range even though the photos, gluons, etc that are responsible for the potential do not have infinite range. Does the first derivative of the potential go to zero after a finite amount of distance?

No. The first derivative with respect to distance from the stationary body does not go to zero for either of these potentials. The first derivative with respect to distance for both potentials is negative all the way out to infinite distance.
Both potentials approach zero in the limit where the distance approaches infinity. However, the force is nonzero for both potentials.

In classical electromagnetism, the Coulomb Force is proportional to r^-2. This means that the force is nonzero for all finite r. Am I to understand that QED puts a constraint on this force, such that the Coulomb force is zero for some finite r?

No. The Coulomb force is never zero at any finite distance. A previous poster (you?) tried to explain this by saying the photon has zero mass. However, he left out something.
The Yukawa force is never zero at any finite distance. However, the mediator of the Yukawa force does have a positive rest mass. So the "range" of the Yukawa potential is limited in the same sense that the "range" of the Coulomb potential is limited. The picture in both cases is that the mediator, a virtual particle, must disappear before it violates an uncertainty relation.
The mediator of the Yukawa potential is mesons for nuclear physics, plasmons for solid state physics, etc. These mediators have a finite rest mass. Because the maximum speed of any object in SR is "c" (speed of light in a vacuum), one can use the uncertainty principle for energy and time to estimate the range of the mediator in a vacuum. The range of the mediator is finite because the Yukawa mediator always has a positive energy. Here, by range I mean the square root of the scattering cross section.
The mediator of the Coulomb potential is photons for electromagnetic theory, gravitons for gravitational theory, and photon-polaritons for solid state theory. These mediators have a zero rest mass, Because the photons have a zero rest mass, one can not use the uncertainty principle for energy and time to estimate the range of the mediator in a vacuum. However, one can use the uncertainty principle for momentum and distance to estimate the range of the mediator in a vacuum.
The uncertainty principle for momentum clearly defines a range for the virtual photon. However, the "range" is infinite because the momentum of a photon can be zero. Here, by range I mean the square root of the total cross section.

If not, then how can there be a force at some arbitrarily large r where virtual photons cannot reach due to their limited nature?

The same reason there is force at some arbitrarily large r where the Yukawa mediator can not reach due to its limited nature. There is a finite "possibility" that a virtual particle will have have a small enough energy or momentum to reach the distance, r.
The uncertainty principle has an arbitrary constant determined by the implicit precision of the measurement. The constant usually given (h) is for a measurement precise up to the standard deviation of measurements. For measurements precise up to any multiple (n) of the standard deviation, the constant has a higher value (nh).

My point was that if you take the mathematical theory literally, the virtual photons in an electromagnetic interaction have to vanish at sufficiently large distances. The virtual photons have a zero rest mass, but they still have to disappear. The virtual photons travel much farther then a virtual particle with positive rest mass.

I never had a conceptual problem with this because I never took the "virtual particle" model as literal truth in a classical sense. I think of "virtual particles" as a diagram technique to make Fourier analysis that much easier. However, I understand why one may need a heuristic picture to understand "virtual particles".
If one takes the "virtual particles" literally then one should expect the virtual particles to spontaneously disappear at some distance by definition. If one takes "virtual particles" literally, then "real particles" do not spontaneously disappear by definition. Real=Persistent.
Further, there are two uncertainty principles that one should always consider. Uncertainty in energy and time are what determines the "range" of virtual particles with a positive rest mass. Uncertainty in momentum and distance are what determines the "range" of particles with a zero rest mass.

 

[soothsayer]

Ok, I think that clears up some of my confusion. Especially the part where you say:

There is a finite "possibility" that a virtual particle will have have a small enough energy or momentum to reach the distance, r.

I hadn't thought about it that way, but that makes a lot of sense now.

Still, it seems like the Coulomb potential would drop off faster then r^2, in that case, because of an increasing number of vanishing virtual particles and a decreasing virtual particle density due to the spherical configuration of forces, which alone should drop off like r^2.

 

[Antiphon]

Short comment on the range of the fields: coulomb fields fall off as 1/R^2 while radiation fields fall off as 1/R so as you take the limit to infinity, the radiation field dominates.

Regarding the field of a single photon, it's best to think of it like the double slit. Each individual photon does obey maxwells equations. They can be considered to be the dynamical equations of a photon. But once you detect a photon (yes, by registering a tiny electric or magnetic field), that field ceases to exist everywhere else. In this sense it never really existed like the classical field typically does even though the probability of finding the photon obeys the energy relation of the classical fields defined over all space. It is the collapse of the wave function phenomenon but with photons.

It *is* true that a single higher energy photon would register a larger electric/magnetic field than a longer wavelength/lower energy quantum when detected.

 

[Darwin123]

Ok, I think that clears up some of my confusion. Especially the part where you say:



I hadn't thought about it that way, but that makes a lot of sense now.

Still, it seems like the Coulomb potential would drop off faster then r^2, in that case, because of an increasing number of vanishing virtual particles and a decreasing virtual particle density due to the spherical configuration of forces, which alone should drop off like r^2.

The Coulomb potential falls of as r, not r^2. The Coulomb force falls off as r^2. So the Coulomb potential falls off a lot slower than the Coulomb force.
The relationship that determines the range of the photons is the uncertainty in momentum times the uncertainty in distance (i.e., range). So the range in the case of the electromagnetic potential is determined by the momentum. So the virtual photons carry momentum, not energy.
Classically, the change in momentum is equal to the impulse which is force times distance. So the flux of virtual photons actually determines the force. The flux through a spherical surface is proportional to the inverse square. So the force is inverse square.
The Coulomb potential is a measure of the "energy" that is carried by the virtual photons. However, the photons have no rest mass. So there is no lower limit to the energy of a virtual photon. So the Coulomb potential extends way past the Coulomb force.
In the quantum mechanical calculations, the projection operators are summed over both momentum states and polarization states. There is no summation over the energy states because the energy of the virtual photon is totally unknown. The momentum of the virtual photon is determined by distance, but the energy of the virtual photon is unknown.
Note that in the case of real photons, the intensity varies as the inverse square. That is because in the case of real photons, the photons carry a fixed momentum and a fixed energy. So both the energy flux and the momentum flux of real photons vary as inverse square. Since the intensity is proportional to both energy flux and momentum flux, the intensity decreases as inverse square.
The virtual photon has a momentum that decreases with distance due to the uncertainty principle of momentum. However, the energy of the virtual photon isn't determined by anything.
Thanks! I didn't understand that part before. Now, some of the Feynman rules make sense!

 

[soothsayer]

Yeah, whoops, I meant to say the Coulomb Force falls as r^2, not the Coulomb potential. Thanks!