Rocket engine operating in a vacuum

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on calculating the final speed of rocket exhaust in a perfect vacuum using the total enthalpy (h). The relevant energy equation is h0 = h_exhaust + 1/2v^2, where h0 represents the total enthalpy. The user suggests that in a perfect vacuum, the exhaust enthalpy can be considered zero, leading to the conclusion that v = sqrt(2*h0). However, concerns are raised regarding the assumption that all enthalpy is lost and the implications of absolute zero on molecular movement.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of thermodynamics, specifically enthalpy and energy equations.
  • Familiarity with rocket propulsion principles and vacuum conditions.
  • Knowledge of ideal gas behavior and molecular movement at low temperatures.
  • Basic proficiency in algebra for solving equations related to speed and enthalpy.
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the derivation and application of the energy equation h0 = h_exhaust + 1/2v^2 in rocket propulsion.
  • Explore the concept of enthalpy in thermodynamics, particularly in relation to chemical rockets.
  • Research the behavior of gases in vacuum conditions and the implications for rocket exhaust.
  • Examine the principles of ideal rocket nozzles and their theoretical limitations.
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Aerospace engineers, physics students, and anyone interested in the principles of rocket propulsion and thermodynamics in vacuum environments.

oobgular
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Homework Statement


So suppose there is a chemical rocket operating in the vacuum of space (assume it's a perfect vacuum). It generates a hot gas with a total enthalpy of h. What's the final speed of the rocket exhaust, in terms of h?

Homework Equations


The energy equation seems to be useful here:
h0 = h_exhaust + 1/2v^2 (from my textbook-- it's stated in the middle of a derivation with no explanation, but I assume it's applicable in this case)
h = c_p*T

The Attempt at a Solution


I feel like there isn't enough information to solve the problem accurately, since we are only given h. My first thought was that because it is a perfect vacuum, we can assume the exhaust enthalpy is 0, and so v = sqrt(2*h0)

Not only does that seem too simple, but also I don't think it's reasonable that all enthalpy is lost-- wouldn't that assume T drops to absolute zero? And I thought all molecular movement stops at absolute zero, so how could there still be a flow of gas?

Can someone help me with clarifying this? Thanks!
 
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A hypothetical ideal rocket nozzle would have indeed the gas leave at "0 K": all particles move in the same direction at the same speed. That would need an infinite nozzle and various other silly things, so real rockets are always just approximations, but you can assume the ideal case here.
 
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