alpha01 said:
<br />
\frac{p - 10}{-5}=\frac{p - 1}{4}<br />
<br />
p - 5 =\frac{p - 1}{4}<br />
I just wanted to jump in and explain something here. The reason your left side operation is illegal is this: You can only do shortening on complete expressions. "+" and "-" divides expressions into parts. So, "A" is an expression, so is "4A" or "4 * 8 * 9". While "A + 1" is in fact two different expressions combined, and so is "4A - 2B" or "4 * 8 + 9".
You can shorten these:
<br />
\frac{a * b}{b} = a<br />
<br />
\frac{10 * 5}{5} = 10<br />
But not these:
<br />
\frac{a + b}{b}<br />
<br />
\frac{10 + 5}{5}<br />
If you want to shorten a combined expression, you need to shorten the entire thing. You can put parentheses around it and call the whole thing a single expression: (A + 1) is an expression, but to shorten it you need an (A + 1) expression in the denominator as well.
So, you CAN shorten this:
<br />
\frac{a + b}{3(a + b)} = \frac{1}{3}<br />
Shortening works because a fraction is really a division, and a*b divided by b equals a. If you multiply by something, and then divide by the same, you get the original amount. So you simply remove
multiples and
divides of the same nomination.
There is a deeper understanding obtainable here, this whole thing is based on certain laws of multiples (like, the order doesn't matter: A * B = B * A) and divisions, which you can look into if so inclined. I assure you, if you start with those laws and build your way up to the fractions, everything will be much clearer. It takes more time, but it is easier than memorizing rules, in a way.
Caveat emptor: English is a second language to me, so some of the terms I use might not be appropriate. "Expression" might in fact be "Factors" or some such.
k