To efficiently trace or track down a stolen computer without pre-installed anti-theft software, the most effective solution involves having a BIOS-level tracking system, such as a lojack that cannot be easily removed. This type of firmware can connect to the internet and communicate the device's location, even if the hard drive is replaced. However, if no such tracking mechanism is in place, the ability to locate the computer is severely limited. MAC addresses, while unique, are not useful for tracking stolen devices because they are not monitored in a way that allows for effective location tracking. Only the initial DHCP server can see the MAC address, and without cooperation from local ISPs, it is unlikely that the device can be traced. In regions where theft is prevalent and thieves are not tech-savvy, the chances of recovery diminish further, especially if the device is sold quickly. Overall, without prior installation of tracking software or hardware, recovering a stolen computer is highly challenging.