I have to agree with the others. It seems clear to me. Exactly where are you. You are given a line through O and x so that any point can be written as the vector xt for some number t. You are given a point y not on the line and asked to find t so that the line through y and tx is perpendicular to the original line.
Okay, the line segment from y to tx is given by y- tx and that must be perpendicular to x (I would have used "tx" but the vector from 0 to any point on that line, in particular x where t= 1 is parallel to tx and so perpendicular to any line perpendicular to tx)- their dot product must be 0: (y-tx). x= 0. Multiplying that out, y.x- t x.x= y.x- t|x||2= 0 (If we had used tx instead of x, we would now have ty.x- t2|x||2= t(y.x- t|x||2)= 0 and cancel that t leading to the same equation). Solving for t, t= y.x/||x||2. In particular the point is tx= (y.x/||x||2)x. To find the length, put that into ||y- tx||.
All I've really done is repeat what was said in your pdf file. If you need more, tell us what is confusing you.