# I Velocity of liquid from bottom pinhole of closed container

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1. May 26, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

What I know: Below link is about Torricelli's law. Velocity of liquid coming out of bottom of the tank i.e comes after using Bernoulli's equation square root of (2*g*h*) where "h" is height of fluid in the container and "g" is acceleration due to gravity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli's_law

Doubt: All the time problem was given with the case of open container. That means gauge pressure is zero on the top of the surface of liquid and at bottom of the tank. Now this is the case with tank is with lid closed. Now what I think; we cannot neglect the pressure term in the Bernoull's equation because it would be the function of the height of fluid being reduced. As tank is being emptied; the density of air above the liquid is reducing so the pressure.
Then another doubt comes what if there is increase in the rate of evaporation and maintaining the density of air above liquid surface.
Pls help me to find out the expression of outlet velocity; I know it would be decreasing with the passage of time.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli's_law

2. May 26, 2016

### jbriggs444

How about starting with a simple version of the problem?

Ignore evaporation and assume a vapor pressure of zero. Assume that the air behaves as an ideal gas. Assume isothermal expansion. Assume that the tube/tank is large compared to the pinhole. Assume a vertical tube/tank with a uniform cross section. Pick a tube/tank height and an initial water height in the tube/tank.

Can you write a differential equation that relates the flow rate and the volume of water remaining in the tube/tank

3. May 27, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

4. May 27, 2016

### jbriggs444

Ugly hand-written equations...

So you have a column of cross-section A, total height H and fluid height h. And you have a bunch of undefined variables and no resulting equation.

What was it that you are trying to express?

5. May 27, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

ok let me correct myself;

Lets apply bernoulli's equation for the starting situation....> P1 (pressure at the top of liquid) P2 (=0 at pinhole) V1(=0 velocity of fluid on the top of liquid layer) V2(pinhole fluid velocity), h(elevation difference)

After applying bernoulli's what we get;

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6. May 27, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

But here P1 is the function of rho(density)

7. May 27, 2016

### jbriggs444

Where did P2 go?

8. May 27, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

I am considering P1 as gauge pressure that's why P2 became zero

9. May 28, 2016

### jbriggs444

OK, so you have $v_2 = \sqrt{2\frac{p_1}{\rho} + 2gh}$
We need to do some work on that equation. It has too many variables. We need to reduce it to one variable and a bunch of constants. If you look at post #2 I suggested using volume of fluid remaining in the tank as the single variable. Call that variable V.

$\rho$ and $g$ are constants. Those are fine.
$p_1$ can be expressed as a function of V, ambient absolute pressure, the initial height of fluid in the column and the total height of fluid in the column.
The current height of fluid in the column can be expressed as a function of V.

Start with those substitutions and we'll have most of the desired differential equation. Think about what you can do with $v_2$ to complete the job.

10. May 28, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

Why density is assumed to be constant? It is changing as we considered as isothermal expansion

Last edited: May 28, 2016
11. May 28, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

12. May 28, 2016

### jbriggs444

Because we want a problem that is simple enough to solve. The variation of the density of an ideal liquid with respect to pressure is ideally zero anyway.

I see that you have done some work on the head pressure. However, your answer is not in the form I suggested. In the formulation we are after, h is a constant, not a variable. It is the initial height of the liquid. The variable we want to use is V, the volume of fluid remaining. The immediate goal is to express head pressure ($p_1$) as a function of V.

Once you have $p_1$ as a function of V, substitute that into the equation for $v_2$. Be careful. You have shifted between gauge and absolute pressure without telling anyone. That's the second time you pulled that trick.

Last edited: May 28, 2016
13. May 28, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

I misinterpreted the density as of air; I forgot it was of liquid. I admitted my mistake from shifting of gauge to absolute pressure. But I am not understanding how I could make p1 as a function of V. I am feeling helpless.

14. May 28, 2016

### jbriggs444

You know the starting volume of air in the headspace, yes?
You know the starting pressure of air in the headspace, yes?
You know the total volume of the tank, yes?
If you know the volume of liquid remaining, then know the current volume of the headspace.
You have been given the assumption of isothermal expansion.
What is the pressure in the headspace?

15. May 29, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

Starting volume of air in the headspace=A(H-h)
Starting pressure of air in the headspace=P(atm)
Volume of the tank=AH

Volume of liquid remaining=Ah-Ax; where x is depth of fluid remaining.

Current pressure=P2

(P2)*(AH-Ah+Ax)=P(atm)*A(H-h); isothermal expansion.

here P2 is dependent on the variable "x"; all other are constants.

16. May 29, 2016

### jbriggs444

So by "depth" of fluid, you mean the amount by which its current surface height is below its starting surface height? That's fine. We can do our differential equation in terms of x rather than in terms of V.

Let's write that last equation neatly in LaTeX and put $P_2$ along on the left hand side. Dividing by $AH-Ah+Ax$ we get

$P_2=\frac{AP_{atm}(H-h)}{A(H-h+x)}$
$= P_{atm} \frac{H-h}{H-h+x}$

To embed TeX within a posting, you can use two back to back pound signs both in front and behind the formula. # # [formula] # #. This is called embedded TeX or itex for short. The double pound signs are a shorthand and can be replaced with the tags [ itex ] and [ /itex ] (leave out the blanks to make them actually work)

For example: # # pound signs # # yields $pound signs$ and [ itex ] tags [ /itex ] yields $tags$

Subscripts are keyed in with underscores, e.g. P_2 renders as $P_2$.
Superscripts are keyed in with carets, e.g. x^2 renders as $x^2$
You can group things with curly braces. So P_{atm} renders as $P_{atm}$ while P_atm renders as $P_atm$
Fractions are done with \frac{top}{bottom} which renders as $\frac{top}{bottom}$
Square roots are done with \sqrt{radical} which renders as $\sqrt{radical}$

If you want an entire line formatted using TeX, you can use [ tex ] and [ /tex ]. E.g. $$P_2 = \frac{AP_{atm}(H-h)}{A(H-h+x)}$$
Now, can you put this together and write the current flow velocity in terms of x using TeX? If you look at post #9, you'll find a good start.

Last edited: May 29, 2016
17. May 29, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

Leave the equations for the time being; let me rewind the all concepts used here.

Bernoulli's applied but making pressure term as variable. Gage pressure used first; so after finding pressure variation; P(atm) must be subtracted from the absolute pressure term.

Isothermal expansion; pressure of headspace became the function of the depth of fluid.

Anything else.

18. May 29, 2016

### jbriggs444

You also have to account for the pressure from gravity based on the current liquid depth, of course.

19. May 29, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

yeah ok :) Thank you. It is one the question that is being asked in many scientist interviews of INDIA.

20. May 29, 2016

### Ravi Singh choudhary

There is a new complication to the question; What if the container is full with water and covered and then pinhole is made.

What could happen??