What are the Simplifying Assumptions for Calculating Eddy Current Forces?

AI Thread Summary
The discussion centers on the principles of Faraday's law and its application to calculating eddy current forces. Faraday's law describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a closed loop, with the induced electric field's direction determined by the orientation of the magnetic field. The conversation also touches on the distinction between the flow of current in a solenoid and the localized nature of eddy currents, which can be visualized as vortices in water. To calculate the magnetic force exerted by eddy currents on a moving magnet, participants suggest making simplifying assumptions, noting that the magnetic field from eddy currents is typically weaker than that from the coil's current. The discussion emphasizes the need for deriving equations from Maxwell's equations to understand these phenomena fully.
Einstein44
Messages
125
Reaction score
31
Homework Statement
When studying Lenzs Law / Faradays Law, I came across two different types of equations and do not know which one is correct. What I need to find is the induced voltage on a copper coil, as a magnet moves through it. Can someone help tell me which one is appropriate to use in this case?
Relevant Equations
1. E= - ∂ΦB/∂t
where ΦB= rate of change in magnetic flux
E= induced voltage

2. E = -N x Δø/Δt
where N= number of turns in the coil
Δø = change in flux inside the coil

As you can notice the second equation takes into account the number of turns in the coil, whereas the other equation doesn't despite being also used for a coil.
And what is even the difference between having a partial derivative in the equation and instead "delta" for change in magnetic flux over change in time??
.
 
Physics news on Phys.org
Faraday's law is represented in derivative form as
$$\nabla \times \vec{E} = -\frac{d\vec{B}}{dt}$$
In integral form, this is
$$\int_{closedloop} \vec{E} \bullet dl = -\frac{d\Phi_{B}}{dt}$$

Where ##\Phi_{B}## is the magnetic flux or integral of the magnetic flux density over the cross section and ##\int_{closedloop} \vec{E} \bullet dl## is the integral of the electric field around a closed loop.

The - sign indicates that if your are facing the coil and the magnetic field lines are going through the coil pointing towards you, the E-field lines will travel clockwise.

The equations 1. and 2. that you presented use E for the emf which is generally equal to the voltage such as in a battery. Another way to think of it is ##V = \int_{coilpath} \vec{E} \bullet dl ## where ##V## is the voltage.

The N simply indicates that there are N turns of the coil. This is approximated by using Faraday's law on N closed loops. So ##N\int_{closed loop} \vec{E} \bullet dl = E = V = -N\frac{d\Phi_{B}}{dt}## becomes larger (There are N loops or turns, so given a uniform magnetic field, the electromotive force becomes N times as large as it would have been had there only been 1 turn). So the second equation is more correct.

Regarding your question about derivatives, ##\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta t}## indicates finite differences (eg. how far did a frog move in one second).

##\frac{dy}{dt}## indicates derivatives (how far the frog is moving per second at this instant in time)

##\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}## indicates the change in the dependent variable given that only 1 indpendent variable is changing. Eg. If the frog's position depends on both the snake position x and the time t,

$$\frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{\partial y}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}$$

So ##\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}## is the rate at which the frog's position would change if the snake was not moving.

In this case either the derivative or partial derivative would work because there is only 1 independent variable: time.
 
LeafNinja said:
Faraday's law is represented in derivative form as
$$\nabla \times \vec{E} = -\frac{d\vec{B}}{dt}$$
In integral form, this is
$$\int_{closedloop} \vec{E} \bullet dl = -\frac{d\Phi_{B}}{dt}$$

Where ##\Phi_{B}## is the magnetic flux or integral of the magnetic flux density over the cross section and ##\int_{closedloop} \vec{E} \bullet dl## is the integral of the electric field around a closed loop.

The - sign indicates that if your are facing the coil and the magnetic field lines are going through the coil pointing towards you, the E-field lines will travel clockwise.

The equations 1. and 2. that you presented use E for the emf which is generally equal to the voltage such as in a battery. Another way to think of it is ##V = \int_{coilpath} \vec{E} \bullet dl ## where ##V## is the voltage.

The N simply indicates that there are N turns of the coil. This is approximated by using Faraday's law on N closed loops. So ##N\int_{closed loop} \vec{E} \bullet dl = E = V = -N\frac{d\Phi_{B}}{dt}## becomes larger (There are N loops or turns, so given a uniform magnetic field, the electromotive force becomes N times as large as it would have been had there only been 1 turn). So the second equation is more correct.

Regarding your question about derivatives, ##\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta t}## indicates finite differences (eg. how far did a frog move in one second).

##\frac{dy}{dt}## indicates derivatives (how far the frog is moving per second at this instant in time)

##\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}## indicates the change in the dependent variable given that only 1 indpendent variable is changing. Eg. If the frog's position depends on both the snake position x and the time t,

$$\frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{\partial y}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}$$

So ##\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}## is the rate at which the frog's position would change if the snake was not moving.

In this case either the derivative or partial derivative would work because there is only 1 independent variable: time.
Thank you. This is really helpful.
Do you know by any chance what the equation for the magnitude of eddy currents is and how I can calculate this using the induced emf? And is there an equation specifically for a solenoid (coil) for the magnitude of eddy currents?

For some reason I was not able to find this anywhere on the internet, so I am interested to know if someone could tell me this.
 
I am not sure what you are looking for when you say magnitude of eddy currents. Eddy currents are currents induced by a magnetic field, and flow in loops, usually in sheet conductors rather than wires.

The current in the solenoid can be considered analogous to the flow of water in a pipe: the current is traveling in a desired path, just as water travels along the desired path of the pipe.

In contrast, eddy currents can be compared to eddies in water, which are localized vortices in a body of water.

The equations that describe eddy currents should be derived from Maxwell's equations, as are all electromagnetic phenomenon.

EddyCurrents.PNG

For example, if there was a magnetic field increasing in the direction pointing out of the page towards you, the eddy currents shown in the image would be produced. This is due to Faraday's law, which is the same phenomenon that causes currents in the solenoid. Except, this time, the currents are localized rather than along a certain path and should be thought of as current density ##\vec{J}##

$$\int_{closedloop} \vec{E} \bullet dl = -\frac{d\Phi_{B}}{dt}$$

Because ## \vec{E} = \rho\vec{J}## where ##\rho## is the resistivity, the current density can be obtained if the electric field is known.

Note that the other Maxwell's Equations such as Ampere's law also play a role because the electrical currents themselves give rise to another magnetic field.
 
LeafNinja said:
I am not sure what you are looking for when you say magnitude of eddy currents. Eddy currents are currents induced by a magnetic field, and flow in loops, usually in sheet conductors rather than wires.

The current in the solenoid can be considered analogous to the flow of water in a pipe: the current is traveling in a desired path, just as water travels along the desired path of the pipe.

In contrast, eddy currents can be compared to eddies in water, which are localized vortices in a body of water.

The equations that describe eddy currents should be derived from Maxwell's equations, as are all electromagnetic phenomenon.

View attachment 286509
For example, if there was a magnetic field increasing in the direction pointing out of the page towards you, the eddy currents shown in the image would be produced. This is due to Faraday's law, which is the same phenomenon that causes currents in the solenoid. Except, this time, the currents are localized rather than along a certain path and should be thought of as current density ##\vec{J}##

$$\int_{closedloop} \vec{E} \bullet dl = -\frac{d\Phi_{B}}{dt}$$

Because ## \vec{E} = \rho\vec{J}## where ##\rho## is the resistivity, the current density can be obtained if the electric field is known.

Note that the other Maxwell's Equations such as Ampere's law also play a role because the electrical currents themselves give rise to another magnetic field.
What I meant was more:
How can I fund the magnetic force of the eddy currents that they apply on the magnet moving through the coil?
I have noticed that this is an incredibly difficult task, as stated by some other members, so my best guess was to do some simplifying assumptions...
Have you got any idea how this can be done?
I was kind of trying to create an expression for the magnetic force (from the magnetic field of the coil due to the induced current) as a function of velocity.
 
I am not sure what simplifying assumptions could be made to calculate the force of eddy currents, but the magnetic field produced by the eddy currents should be small compared to the magnetic field produced by current through the coil. But good luck!
 
I multiplied the values first without the error limit. Got 19.38. rounded it off to 2 significant figures since the given data has 2 significant figures. So = 19. For error I used the above formula. It comes out about 1.48. Now my question is. Should I write the answer as 19±1.5 (rounding 1.48 to 2 significant figures) OR should I write it as 19±1. So in short, should the error have same number of significant figures as the mean value or should it have the same number of decimal places as...
Thread 'Collision of a bullet on a rod-string system: query'
In this question, I have a question. I am NOT trying to solve it, but it is just a conceptual question. Consider the point on the rod, which connects the string and the rod. My question: just before and after the collision, is ANGULAR momentum CONSERVED about this point? Lets call the point which connects the string and rod as P. Why am I asking this? : it is clear from the scenario that the point of concern, which connects the string and the rod, moves in a circular path due to the string...
Thread 'A cylinder connected to a hanging mass'
Let's declare that for the cylinder, mass = M = 10 kg Radius = R = 4 m For the wall and the floor, Friction coeff = ##\mu## = 0.5 For the hanging mass, mass = m = 11 kg First, we divide the force according to their respective plane (x and y thing, correct me if I'm wrong) and according to which, cylinder or the hanging mass, they're working on. Force on the hanging mass $$mg - T = ma$$ Force(Cylinder) on y $$N_f + f_w - Mg = 0$$ Force(Cylinder) on x $$T + f_f - N_w = Ma$$ There's also...
Back
Top