What are Valley Degrees of Freedom in Semiconductor Bands?

Benevito
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Could someone please explain what valley degrees of freedom are?
 
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What "valley" do you mean?
 
HallsofIvy said:
What "valley" do you mean?
As a local minimum/maximum on the valence/conduction band in semiconductors.
 
Hi. I have got question as in title. How can idea of instantaneous dipole moment for atoms like, for example hydrogen be consistent with idea of orbitals? At my level of knowledge London dispersion forces are derived taking into account Bohr model of atom. But we know today that this model is not correct. If it would be correct I understand that at each time electron is at some point at radius at some angle and there is dipole moment at this time from nucleus to electron at orbit. But how...
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