Why Do Metals Like Fe-C Show Upper and Lower Yield Points?

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Fe-C and other metals exhibit upper and lower yield points due to the presence of dislocations and the mechanisms of plastic deformation, which involve a transition from elastic to plastic behavior. The upper yield point represents the maximum stress a material can withstand before yielding, while the lower yield point indicates the stress level at which the material begins to deform plastically. Substitutional solid solutions can occur in Fe-C metals such as ferrite and austenite, allowing for the incorporation of different elements into the crystal lattice. This process enhances the mechanical properties of the alloys. Understanding these concepts is crucial for applications in materials science and engineering.
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Why do Fe-C and other metals exhibit upper and lower yield points?

And also can you get substitutional solid solution in any Fe-C metals, like ferrite, austenite etc?
 
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