Inertia is crucial in understanding rotational motion because it accounts for how mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation, which differs from linear motion. The concept of moment of inertia incorporates the entire mass of an object while emphasizing its distribution, affecting rotational dynamics. This distinction is essential for accurate calculations in mechanics, as rotational and translational movements behave differently. Introductory texts, such as Grant R. Fowles' "Analytical Mechanics," provide foundational insights into these principles. Understanding moment of inertia is key to mastering the complexities of rotational motion.