To determine the powers p and q for the equation A=V^p t^q, one must first identify the dimensions of acceleration (A), velocity (V), and time (t). Acceleration has dimensions of length over time squared [L][T^-2], while velocity is length over time [L][T^-1], and time is simply [T]. By equating the dimensions from both sides of the equation, it becomes clear that the left side (LT^-2) must match the right side (L^p T^(-p+q)). This leads to a system of equations that can be solved for p and q, confirming the dimensional consistency of the equation. The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding dimensional analysis in physics.