# Complicated integration of complex number

1. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

Hello.
I am not confident about this question. I think I have to use cauchy integral formula. But before that, I should decompose the fraction, right? Or is there a simpler way to do it?　A friend told me that each contour only had one pole interior to it so he just used the Cauchy integral formula for the appropriate derivatives--as opposed to using a residue calculus. Is this a correct method?

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2. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

You can first sketch the contour and identify the nature and location of the isolated singularities of f(z). Then the evaluation of the integral is immediate by using the residue theorem.

Yes, you can use the Cauchy integral formula too.

3. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

As for the first one, z=2i is outside of the circle, since the circle is a unit circle. That means f(z) is analytic inside the circle, right? Hence we can use Cauchy integral formula.
But for the second one, z=2i is inside the circle, we can't use Cauchy integral formula, can we?

4. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

No, because there is also a pole at the origin, which lies inside the unit circle.

There is Cauchy's integral formula but also Cauchy's integral theorem. CIT is just a [STRIKE]generalisation[/STRIKE] special case of the residue theorem.

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5. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

So does that mean CIF can be used even there's a pole inside a circle? And I am not sure if I did this right, can you check? I did it a little so you can check if it's correct so far.

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6. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

Suppose your integral is $\oint_C f(z) dz$. You need to pick a function g(z) that is analytic in the interior of the unit circle. Then, loosely speaking, the part of f(z) that is not analytic in the unit circle picks up a residue when you integrate over the boundary. To illustrate: you have $$\oint \frac{e^{z^2}}{z^3 (z-2i)^2} dz = \oint \frac{g(z)}{z^3}dz$$ g(z) is analytic in the interior of the unit circle. 1/z3 is not, so you pick up a residue, which is what appears on the other side of CIF. If f(z) happened to be completely analytic in the interior, then there is no residue, so the other side of CIF collapses to zero, I.e recovering CIT.

The residue theorem is a complete generalisation of both CIT and CIF so you can always use that.

7. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

Ok, so this is what I got so far and now how do I continue? I don't know how to apply CIF after decomposing the fraction.

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8. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

You did not have to split the fraction up. But to proceed, write your last step as a sum of three integrals. In each one, identify g(z) that is analytic in the interior of the unit circle and apply CIF. (g(z) is the f(z) that appears in CIF, but you already used the notation f(z) to mean the function you are integrating over the boundary.)

9. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

I didn't have to decompose the fraction??? Then what is the easiest way? Please tell me.

10. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

I'm trying to use what you said here, but I don't really understand how to do this. In this case, g(z) should be
e^(z²)/(z - 2i)², right? g(z) is actually f(z), isn't it?

11. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

Right.
If you write CIF as $$f^n(z_o) = \frac{n!}{2\pi i} \oint \frac{f(z)}{(z-z_o)^{n+1}}dz$$ then yes, this choice of g(z) coincides with that f(z) in CIF.

12. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

n here is 2, right? Because the non-analytic part is 1/z^3

13. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

Correct and $z_o = 0$.

14. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

I am beginning to understand it now. So, I have to differentiate f(z) twice and multiply it with ∏i?
The derivative part is kind of tedious.

15. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

If you mean the f(z) that appears in CIF then yes. The derivatives are tedious as you say, especially for higher order poles.

The same result can be obtained using the residue theorem: $$\oint_C f(z) dz = 2 \pi i \sum_{z_k \in \text{Int} C} \text{Res}(f, z_k)$$

In this case, $z = 0$ is a pole of order 3 and is the only singularity located in the interior of the unit circle.
So the RHS of the residue theorem is $$2 \pi i \frac{1}{2!} \lim_{z \rightarrow 0} \frac{d}{dz} z^3 f(z)$$ Put in f(z), simplify and take derivative. (here f(z) is $e^{z^2}/z^3 (z-2i)^2$)

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16. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

I don't understand this residue part. If I use the above formula, then there is no need to use CIF??

17. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

Exactly, CIF is 'contained' within the Residue theorem and CIT is a special case. So really if you know the residue theorem you are good to go with all these types of problems.

Depending on the order of the pole, the form for the residue will change. They are derived using the Laurent series of the function. See your textbook for derivation and general formula.

18. Jun 3, 2014

### MissP.25_5

I have been differentiating this but I don't think this is right. Can you tell me where i am wrong?

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19. Jun 3, 2014

### CAF123

The first derivative looks right, but I think you skipped a few steps in the second derivative so it is difficult for me to see where you went wrong. In any case, provided you understand the method that is more or less the answer you are looking for

What is the numerical answer provided anyway?

20. Jun 3, 2014

-∏i/8