Decreasing Sequence of Closed Balls in Complete Metric Space | Example & Hints

[kingwinner]

Homework Statement

Give an example of a decreasing sequence of closed balls in a COMPLETE metric space with empty intersection.
Hint 1: use a metric on N topologically equivalent to the discrete metric so that {n≥k} are closed balls.
Hint 2: I_n={n,n+1,n+2,...}. Consider the metric d(m,n)=∑1/2^k where the sum is from k=m to k=n-1.

Homework Equations

N/A

The Attempt at a Solution

I really have no idea how to do this problem...how can we construct an example that would work?

Any help/hints is greatly appreciated!

 

[HallsofIvy]

Here's a major hint: use Hint 1 and Hint 2! Take your space to be N, the set of positive integers with metric d(m,n)= \sum_{k=m}^{n-1} with m< n. (You will need to show that that is a metric.) d(m,n) is obviously an integer for any m, n so that is "equivalent to the discrete metric"- given 0&lt; \epsilon&lt; 1 the "\epsilon neighborhood" of any point n is just {n} itself and so every singleton set, and therefore every set, is closed. Therefore I_n= {n, n+1, n+2, ...} is a decreasing (every I_n+1 is a subset of I_n) sequence of closed sets that has empty intersection.

 

[kingwinner]

Here's a major hint: use Hint 1 and Hint 2! Take your space to be N, the set of positive integers with metric d(m,n)= \sum_{k=m}^{n-1} with m< n. (You will need to show that that is a metric.) d(m,n) is obviously an integer for any m, n so that is "equivalent to the discrete metric"- given 0&lt; \epsilon&lt; 1 the "\epsilon neighborhood" of any point n is just {n} itself and so every singleton set, and therefore every set, is closed. Therefore I_n= {n, n+1, n+2, ...} is a decreasing (every I_n+1 is a subset of I_n) sequence of closed sets that has empty intersection.

<br /> <br /> Sorry, I don&#039;t get it...<br /> d(m,n)=∑1/2^k where the sum is from k=m to k=n-1<br /> I am seeing a lot of fractions in this metric. Why is it obviously an <b>integer</b> for any m, n??<br /> <br /> Also, I don&#039;t understand why I_n={n,n+1,n+2,...} is a <b>closed ball</b>?<br /> <br /> Could somebody kindly help me, please?<br /> Thanks a million!

 

[Dick]

The metric is not an integer. The points in the space are integers. Try this exercise. Can you show that the set {2,3,5,6...} is the closed ball of radius 1/4 around the point x=3?

 

[HallsofIvy]

You are right, Dick, I don't know what I was thinking!

 

[kingwinner]

Actually, can we backtrack a little?

I am already confused when looking at hints 1 & 2 given in the question...even before trying to solve the problem...

For hint 1: What does it mean to be a metric "on N[/color]"? How can {n>=k} ever be closed balls? This just doesn't make any sense to me...
For hint 2: I just don't understand what I_n={n,n+1,n+2,...} is. How is I_n related to our problem?

Also, in this problem, what is the "metric space" that we're talking about? A metric space is a "set" together with a metric. The metric is given in hint 2, but what is that "set" in our problem?

Could somebody kindly explain these, please?
To you, maybe this question is simple. But to me right now, it seems impossible. :(
Any help is greatly appreciated!

 

[Dick]

The "set" is the positive integers. You have the metric ON the integers. Now I think you should do the exercise I proposed in post 4.

 

[kingwinner]

The points in the space are integers. Try this exercise. Can you show that the set {2,3,5,6...} is the closed ball of radius 1/4 around the point x=3?

Do you mean {2,3,4,5,6,...}?

I assume so, and I'll try your exercise.

For ANY n>3, n E N,
d(3,n)=1/2³+1/2⁴+...+1/2^n-1
=(1/2³)(1+1/2+...+1/2^n-4)
<(1/2³)(1+1/2+...)
=(1/2³)(1+1/2+...)
=(1/2³)[1/(1-1/2)] (infinite geometric series)
=2/2³
=1/4

For ANY n>3, n E N, d(3,n)<1/4
So the closed ball of radius 1/4 around the point x=3 = {2,3,4,5,6,...}.

But how can I find a decreasing seqeunce of closed balls s.t...?

 

[Dick]

Ok, you got me. I skipped the 4. So {2,3,4,5...} is B(3,1/4) (the closed ball around x=3 of radius 1/4). Now {3,4,5,6...} is B(4,1/8). B(3,1/4) CONTAINS B(4,1/8), right? Correct me if I slipped up again. Aren't we decreasing so far? Do you see how this continues?

 

[kingwinner]

Ok, you got me. I skipped the 4. So {2,3,4,5...} is B(3,1/4) (the closed ball around x=3 of radius 1/4). Now {3,4,5,6...} is B(4,1/8). B(3,1/4) CONTAINS B(4,1/8), right? Correct me if I slipped up again. Aren't we decreasing so far? Do you see how this continues?

Yes, identical to my proof above we can show in general that {n E N: d(k,n)≤1/2^k-1} = {k-1,k,k+1,k+2,...} = I_k-1.
And I₁,I₂,I₃,... is a decreasing sequence of closed balls with empty intersection.

But how can we prove that "d(m,n)=∑1/2^k where the sum is from k=m to k=n-1" is actually a metric? It is clearly nonnegative, but I am struggling to prove the other three properties...

Thanks for helping!

 

[Dick]

Well, it's symmetric by definition if you read between the lines. The d(m,n) they gave you is only valid for m<=n. Otherwise you define d(n,m)=d(m,n). The only property you really have to worry about is the triangle inequality. And the only case you really have to worry about there is d(m,o)<=d(m,n)+d(n,o) where m<n<o. Are you sure you really have to PROVE it's a metric, or did you impose that duty on yourself?

 

[kingwinner]

Well, it's symmetric by definition if you read between the lines. The d(m,n) they gave you is only valid for m<=n. Otherwise you define d(n,m)=d(m,n). The only property you really have to worry about is the triangle inequality. And the only case you really have to worry about there is d(m,o)<=d(m,n)+d(n,o) where m<n<o.

How about the property d(m,n)=0 iff m=n? How can we prove this property for our metric? The sum as defined in our metric is from k=m to k=n-1, so it looks like it's undefined when m=n?


About the triangle inequality, how many cases do we need?
For the case d(m,o)<=d(m,n)+d(n,o) where m<n<o, isn't it trivial? I mean, if m<n<o, then we will just have equality in the triangle inequality, right?

Are you sure you really have to PROVE it's a metric, or did you impose that duty on yourself?

I think we have to prove it because we should show that our example satisfies all the conditions stated in the question.

Thanks!

 

[Dick]

How about the property d(m,n)=0 iff m=n? How can we prove this property for our metric? The sum as defined in our metric is from k=m to k=n-1, so it looks like it's undefined when m=n?


About the triangle inequality, how many cases do we need?
For the case d(m,o)<=d(m,n)+d(n,o) where m<n<o, isn't it trivial? I mean, if m<n<o, then we will just have equality in the triangle inequality, right?



I think we have to prove it because we should show that our example satisfies all the conditions stated in the question.

Thanks!

I think you have to interpret their definition. In the case m=n I think they mean that there are no numbers to sum. So d(m,m)=0. For the triangle inequality I would say there are three cases to consider. You can always pick m<o since the inequality is symmetrical in m and o. So where m is in the inequality is what splits the cases. I'd say m<n<o, n<m<o and n<o<m. I'm glad you found m<n<o trivial, yes, in that case both sides are equal. The other cases are even more trivial.

 

[kingwinner]

I think you have to interpret their definition. In the case m=n I think they mean that there are no numbers to sum. So d(m,m)=0.

So I guess it's best to modfiy the function d given in the hint a little and define d as a piecewise function with 3 cases.

For the triangle inequality I would say there are three cases to consider. You can always pick m<o since the inequality is symmetrical in m and o. So where m is in the inequality is what splits the cases. I'd say m<n<o, n<m<o and n<o<m. I'm glad you found m<n<o trivial, yes, in that case both sides are equal. The other cases are even more trivial.

I don't see why only these 3 cases are enough. There are other cases that are possible, right? Also, some of m,n,o may be equal as well, right?
Also, you said we should look at m<o, but the 3rd one, i.e. n<o<m, does not satifiy m<o?

Thanks!

 

[Dick]

Ok, I meant m<o and the three cases to be n<m<o, m<n<o and m<o<n. I.e whether n smallest, greatest or in the middle. If m>o just swap the places of m and o. If that still doesn't make sense, you can check all six cases if you want to. It just gets kind of repetitious.

 

[kingwinner]

Ok, I meant m<o and the three cases to be n<m<o, m<n<o and m<o<n. I.e whether n smallest, greatest or in the middle. If m>o just swap the places of m and o. If that still doesn't make sense, you can check all six cases if you want to. It just gets kind of repetitious.

We can just check the 3 cases where m<o, and say by symmetry the cases for m><o are true. Is this because we have verified that d(m,n)=d(n,m) for all n,m E N is satified beforehand, so that d(m,o)<=d(m,n)+d(n,o) and d(o,m)<=d(o,n)+d(n,m) are the same thing?

 

[Dick]

We can just check the 3 cases where m<o, and say by symmetry the cases for m><o are true. Is this because we have verified that d(m,n)=d(n,m) for all n,m E N is satified beforehand, so that d(m,o)<=d(m,n)+d(n,o) and d(o,m)<=d(o,n)+d(n,m) are the same thing?

Sure.

 

[kingwinner]

How can we prove that (N,d) with the metric d as defined above is a complete metric space? (i.e. every Cauchy sequence in N converges (in N))

 

[Dick]

How can we prove that (N,d) with the metric d as defined above is a complete metric space? (i.e. every Cauchy sequence in N converges (in N))

Prove it's a discrete metric space. I.e. prove that there is a ball around every point that contains only the single point. That means all Cauchy sequences are eventually constant.

 

[kingwinner]

Prove it's a discrete metric space. I.e. prove that there is a ball around every point that contains only the single point.

d(m,n)=∑1/2^k where the sum is from k=m to k=n-1
But with our metric, I don't think it's possible? What will be the "radius" of the ball for which that is true for EVERY point?

That means all Cauchy sequences are eventually constant.

If there is a ball around every point that contains only the single point, why does it imply that all Cauchy sequences are eventually constant? (my textbook also says something similar in another example, but it is not so obvious to me why this is true...)

Thank you.

 

[Dick]

d(m,n)=∑1/2^k where the sum is from k=m to k=n-1
But with our metric, I don't think it's possible? What will be the "radius" of the ball for which that is true for EVERY point?


If there is a ball around every point that contains only the single point, why does it imply that all Cauchy sequences are eventually constant? (my textbook also says something similar in another example, but it is not so obvious to me why this is true...)

Thank you.

Hmmm. Come to think of it, now you've got me worried. Isn't the sequence {1,2,3,4,5,...} Cauchy? But no point in N is it's limit. That means the metric space is NOT complete. There may be a problem with this exercise.

 

[kingwinner]

Hmmm. Come to think of it, now you've got me worried. Isn't the sequence {1,2,3,4,5,...} Cauchy? But no point in N is it's limit. That means the metric space is NOT complete. There may be a problem with this exercise.

Why for {1,2,3,4,5,...}, no point in N is it's limit?? (the terms are getter closer and closer)

 

[Dick]

What point in N could be the limit? There isn't one. I really haven't been paying enough attention to the full consequences of this problem, sorry. I THINK N is a metric space under your metric, but it's not complete. I think you have to add a point at infinity to complete it. That would mean the point at infinity is in the intersection of all those closed intervals. The space is totally bounded. If it were also complete, Heine-Borel would apply and it would be compact. Compact would mean the intersection of your closed intervals couldn't be empty. Hence, not complete. I might be going nuts here, and if anybody else has any input I'd like to hear it. Are you sure you aren't supposed to show it's NOT complete? Or something?

 

[kingwinner]

The concept of metric is still very new to me, and analysis is one of my biggest weakness so far. So I'm sorry, but if you don't mind, could you kindly explain why 1,2,3,4,5,6,... is Cauchy? And why does this sequence have NO LIMIT under our metric d?

Definition: (x_n) is Cauchy iff for all ε>0, there exists N s.t. if n,m≥N, then d(x_n,x_m)<ε.

I know the definition, but I am not too sure how to see and PROVE that 1,2,3,4,5,6,... is Cauchy. How can we find a workable N here? (I've always been struggling to prove that something is Cauchy, and it's one of my biggest challenges and confusion so far... )
And why does this sequence have NO LIMIT under our metric?

I really haven't been paying enough attention to the full consequences of this problem, sorry. I THINK N is a metric space under your metric, but it's not complete. I think you have to add a point at infinity to complete it. That would mean the point at infinity is in the intersection of all those closed intervals. The space is totally bounded. If it were also complete, Heine-Borel would apply and it would be compact. Compact would mean the intersection of your closed intervals couldn't be empty. Hence, not complete. I might be going nuts here, and if anybody else has any input I'd like to hear it. Are you sure you aren't supposed to show it's NOT complete? Or something?

Actually, I just looked at the latest version of my textbook, the question is still there exactly as worded above, but hint 2 is taken away (hint 1 is still there). So probably the author realized that there was a typo/mistake in the metric d given in hint 2. OMG, after all that hard work, at the end we actually find out that our counterexample doesn't work. :(
But since the question is still there, the author seems to suggest that a counterexample that satifies all the requirements (including completeness) definitely exist, but it looks like we have to come up with another metric d. How can we come up with a metric d that would work?

Thanks a million!

 

[Dick]

The concept of metric is still very new to me, and analysis is one of my biggest weakness so far. So I'm sorry, but if you don't mind, could you kindly explain why 1,2,3,4,5,6,... is Cauchy? And why does this sequence have NO LIMIT under our metric d?

Definition: (x_n) is Cauchy iff for all ε>0, there exists N s.t. if n,m≥N, then d(x_n,x_m)<ε.

I know the definition, but I am not too sure how to see and PROVE that 1,2,3,4,5,6,... is Cauchy. How can we find a workable N here? (I've always been struggling to prove that something is Cauchy, and it's one of my biggest challenges and confusion so far... )
And why does this sequence have NO LIMIT under our metric?



Actually, I just looked at the latest version of my textbook, the question is still there exactly as worded above, but hint 2 is taken away (hint 1 is still there). So probably the author realized that there was a typo/mistake in the metric d given in hint 2. OMG, after all that hard work, at the end we actually find out that our counterexample doesn't work. :(
But since the question is still there, the author seems to suggest that a counterexample that satifies all the requirements (including completeness) definitely exist, but it looks like we have to come up with another metric d. How can we come up with a metric d that would work?

Thanks a million!

For your first question, if n,m>=N, what's the largest value d(n,m) can have? You'd want to take n=N and let m get larger and larger, right? Now just pick that max less than your given epsilon.

As for another choice of metric, nothing springs to mind immediately. I do think since the metric space needs to be complete, you need to find a metric that's not totally bounded. Look that up and see if anything comes to mind.

 

[kingwinner]

For your first question, if n,m>=N, what's the largest value d(n,m) can have? You'd want to take n=N and let m get larger and larger, right? Now just pick that max less than your given epsilon.

If I pick N such that 1/2^N-1<epsilon, would this work in the definition of Cauchy?

As for another choice of metric, nothing springs to mind immediately. I do think since the metric space needs to be complete, you need to find a metric that's not totally bounded. Look that up and see if anything comes to mind.

hmm...maybe HallsofIvy can help?

If I define d to be

d(m,n)= 1/2 + ∑1/2^k
where the sum is from k=m to k=n-1

will this work or not?

 

[Dick]

Yeah, you've got the right idea on Cauchy. You're new d(m,n) doesn't satisfy d(m,m)=0. Randoming guessing a function isn't going to get you very far. I'll post a note and see if any other homework helpers want to take a crack at this.

 

[kingwinner]

In the section of the textbook from which this exercise is taken, the idea of "totally bounded" has not yet been introduced, so I don't think we need this concept. But I do think we need to come up with a metric similar to the discrete metric as suggested by hint 1.

Does anyone have any idea??

 

[Dick]

You might want to post another thread on this so it will get renewed attention. I'm not seeing it.