metroplex021 said:
Thanks a lot. I appreciate that of course we can't measure an electron in the absence of interactions, but I'm wondering if it even makes theoretical sense to ascribe a charge to a field occurring in a free theory. Of course there will be a global U(1) charge in this case, but it seems to me that if we want to interpret that as electric charge then the value would have to be equal to the value in the interacting theory with the interaction set to zero. Since in the gauge theory the charge has a dual role of both invariant and coupling, it seems that there's no way to do that. (To my mind anyway!)
If someone had just handed you the action for QED and asked you to describe the physics, you would use the ##U(1)## charge to define the "electric charge" ##q## of an elementary particle and call ##e## the coupling constant. When you quantized the theory, you'd be happy because the charge defined in this way will be invariant under the renormalization group as long as the theory has no anomaly.
When you went to write down Maxwell's equations
$$ \partial^\nu F_{\mu\nu} = - e \bar{\psi} \gamma_\mu\psi ,$$
you would interpret ##-1=q_e## as the charge of a single electron. Then you would describe the macroscopic charge density of a collection of points charges to be
$$\rho(\vec{r}) = \sum_i q_i \delta (\vec{r}-\vec{r}_i),$$
and write Gauss' law as
$$ \nabla\cdot \vec{E} = e \rho.$$
(Well, I am really not being honest since we hate having extraneous factors sitting in equations. We would of course absorb the factor of ##e## into the definition of the charge density, but we would not forget that we did so when we compare microscopic formulae to macroscopic ones. )
Historically however, Gauss' law was discovered first, so ##\rho## and the corresponding definition of a point charge were defined in such a way that the coupling constant ##e## was absorbed in the definition of ##q##. There was no reason not to do this, since Gauss found the law c. 1835 (Coulomb's law was even known c. 1785) and the elementary electric charge wasn't measured until c 1909. People simply didn't know that ##e## was even a thing back then.
By now there's no great advantage to expend the effort to revise the set of units as long as we're going to use meters and kilograms to describe everything else, so classical mechanics is still taught according to the 19th century conventions. When we do QFT, we use the sensible definition of charge that excludes the value of the coupling constant, not the definition that we would have inherited from the classical, macroscopic physics.
