Before I heard about the ##H^-## anion (a hydrogen atom with TWO electrons), I would have guessed they would not even exist. Apparently they do in fact exist in the solar atmosphere, and in sufficient numbers/abundance that they are "the dominant bound-free opacity source at visible and near-infrared wavelengths in the atmospheres of stars like the Sun and cooler ".mathman said:My guess - very rare. Heat would ionize to protons.
Hydrogen anions, also known as H- ions, play a crucial role in the solar atmosphere. They are responsible for the absorption of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, which helps regulate the temperature and energy balance of the atmosphere. Additionally, H- ions also play a role in the formation of molecules in the atmosphere.
Hydrogen anions are constantly reacting with other elements and molecules in the solar atmosphere, leading to changes in the composition of the atmosphere. They are known to contribute to the formation of complex molecules, such as water and methane, which are essential for sustaining life on Earth.
Hydrogen anions play a significant role in solar weather. They are involved in the formation of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections, which can have a major impact on space weather and can affect Earth's magnetic field and communication systems.
Scientists use various methods to study hydrogen anions in the solar atmosphere, including spectroscopy, which allows them to analyze the absorption and emission of light from H- ions. They also use instruments such as telescopes and satellites to observe and measure the behavior of hydrogen anions in the solar atmosphere.
The study of hydrogen anions in the solar atmosphere has many potential applications. It can help us better understand the behavior of the Sun and its impact on Earth's climate and weather. It can also aid in the development of advanced solar energy technologies and contribute to our understanding of the origins of life on Earth and other planets.