Warning - speculation !
I've often wondered if something like this could be used in a Van de Graaff arrangement. But I'd assumed I could just rely on ionising air molecules.
If you used dust, I wonder how you would discharge the particles? When they passed through the mesh / past the brushes, wouldn't they be attracted and tend to stick? Perhaps tiny metallic particles would work better, as they would discharge on contact.
The problem with both VdG and Kelvin generator might be the repulsion as the charge builds up, but with solid particles if you drive them fast enough I suppose you can overcome that (the water drops disintegrate.).