Ground and common clearing it up

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In summary: This is the purpose of the ground wire. It protects the equipment from being overloaded and breaking.
  • #1
Master J
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Forgive me if this seems a rather basic question, but I would like to settle it once and for all.

The concept of "ground", "earth" and "common" confuse me a little.

I think I have Earth right - this is a path that allows dangerous current to be carried away, eg. if a live wire touched the metal case of an appliance, one would get electrocuted upon touching the case, so, the case is connected to an Earth wire which allows this current to flow and hence trip a fuse or breaker.

Ground and common confuse me far more. I see in many circuit diagrams that the return paths to a battery are often not indicated, just a ground symbol is used. So, is ground just the return path for current to the source, and this path is at 0 V?

Wikipedia says, "Many electronic designs feature a single return that acts as a reference for all signals. Power and signal grounds often get connected together, usually through the metal case of the equipment."

Does this mean that the metal case of a device is actually the return path for current to the source??

Perhaps an example of where this confuses me might help:
In the bipolar voltage divider, there is a reference ground such that 2 terminals are positive wrt ground and 2 terminals are negative wrt ground...in an actual circuit, what would this ground be physically?
 
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  • #2
Master J said:
I think I have Earth right - this is a path that allows dangerous current to be carried away,

Well, not really. If you were sitting on a plate charged to 500kV you would be 'quite safe', unless someone came near you with a metal rod at Earth potential. Earth potential would then be very dangerous!

The principle is that the physical Earth is a body of net-neutral charge so large that if you dump an enormous lump of charge into it, it will still remain neutral. A 'common' or 'local earth' is also a 'sink' for charge with somewhere to go, but it would not necessarily remain 'charge neutral' (assuming it was, in the first place) if it received a big dump of charge (or a small one locally in a very short time, e.g. RF currents).

So the 'potential' between two things is the difference of net charge on the first thing with respect to the next charge on the other thing. The only thing assumed to always be net neutral is the physical Earth, whereas a local ground/common may not always remain charge neutral but can (or is allowed to, or annoyingly happens to) float up or down with respect to the 'true neutral' of the Earth.
 
  • #3
Master J said:
Does this mean that the metal case of a device is actually the return path for current to the source??
Usually, yes it can, but if the internal parts are intentially designed to be isolated from the box, then no. It is common practice to do this with mains-powered kit, such that if there is then a current between the electronics and the box (held to earth) then you know there is a fault.

Perhaps an example of where this confuses me might help:
In the bipolar voltage divider, there is a reference ground such that 2 terminals are positive wrt ground and 2 terminals are negative wrt ground...in an actual circuit, what would this ground be physically?

Whatever you call ground. You could intentionally set that point 1MV above Earth potential, if you like, which would [simply] mean that your local 'ground' was not charge-neutral. The whole circuit would then treat that 1MV level as the 'return' level to which circuit currents flow.
 
  • #4
Let me confuse you a bit further. The neutral and the ground are tied together in the electric panel! Literally! This is 100% factually correct and applies to commercial buildings panels as well.

What you said about ground is absolutely true. However it serves additional purposes if you didn’t already mention it.

If you just have a neutral and hot connected to an appliance it is 120 volts. If you don’t have a ground connected….the appliance will work just fine. Say a washing machine for example. What if over 20 years the hot wire vibrates loose and is now sitting on the chassis of the washer. Mom now comes over and puts her hands on the washer and gets electrocuted. Bad.

Now let's say we use a ground wire in addition to the hot and neutral. The ground is tied to the chassis of the washer. Now when the hot wire vibrates loose, it hits the chassis and instead of staying live…..it is a dead short and it pops the breaker! The washer voltage is now safely dead. Mom goes to reset the breaker and the breaker again pops….she tries again and it still pops….etc. She then calls a repair man…..he takes the washer apart….puts the hot wire back in its place, flips breaker back on and dear ole mom is safe. Now apply this prinicipal to any electric device and u can see how the ground is useful!

If it were a 240 volt line to line dryer, same principal. Works fine without a ground…..but if wire comes loose and sits on chassis…….
 
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  • #5
there was a lengthy discussion recently

try this thread and see if it helps you.

https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=526008

meantime contemplate this question:
if we wired the whole solar system for electric power,
(i know that's physically preposterous, but mathematically it's not..)
which planet should we use for ground?

old jim
 
  • #6
Jim, I have another one for you. If you raise an object to a sufficiently high positive voltage (that is, an absence of electrons in this object) can you get it to some potential where the molecules just fall apart because there aren't enough electrons in it?

Could there be a planet in the universe which just doesn't have enough electrons, so a large fraction of the atoms are missing an electron? What would the chemistry of that planet be like?
 
  • #7
jim hardy said:
there was a lengthy discussion recently

try this thread and see if it helps you.

https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=526008

meantime contemplate this question:
if we wired the whole solar system for electric power,
(i know that's physically preposterous, but mathematically it's not..)
which planet should we use for ground?

old jim

I'll take a stab and say Jupiter because it is the largest planet.
 
  • #8
cmb said:
Jim, I have another one for you. If you raise an object to a sufficiently high positive voltage (that is, an absence of electrons in this object) can you get it to some potential where the molecules just fall apart because there aren't enough electrons in it?

wow i'd refer that one to a plasma physicist

Could there be a planet in the universe which just doesn't have enough electrons, so a large fraction of the atoms are missing an electron? What would the chemistry of that planet be like?

well Velikovsky certainly said as much (Worlds in Collision)

and you might google on terms 'iron sun' and 'neutron repulsion'

earth itself could maybe be an example - it has an electrical potential gradient (which got disturbed in vicinity of Fukushima), as if it had excess charge on its surface
and it has a magnetic field as if surface borne charge were moving along with its rotation;


but to your last inquiry i plead unqualified in chemistry to venture a reply

it's a tightrope walk between keeping one's mind open and becoming a fanatic...
that's why i like Sophie's intellectual discipline...
one must poke at these crazy ideas until either they fail or you reach your mental limit and admit "i don't know"- and await more facts

that's why i await with such interest investigation of these particles that so recently are reported to have sped across Europe at > c...
... remember Einstein thought up relativity because everybody who measured c was getting the same answer.

old jim
 
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  • #9
just re-read my last post and fear it might cause offense

please do not take my phrase "crazy ideas" as any kind of put-down or slam;
opposite was my intent.

i constantly am working them in my head cross-testing them against each other
most get ruled out on grounds of leading to impossible conclusions

but to me, "indeterminate as yet" is an acceptable answer...
for there's a zillion of them floating around in my head
 
  • #10
Thanks guys. I guess my idea of Earth ground was right - the example above of the washing machine makes complete sense to me.

The idea of a common also seems to make sense to me. In circuit analysis, one needs a reference point to measure voltages with respect to. One could take the negative end of a battery in a circuit for instance as 0 V (or in practice, a metal strip which is the return path for all currents to the source since by the time electrons get here, all the potential has been dropped across resistors etc. and it is at 0 V) ...this much makes sense!


However, the ground in circuit diagrams is still confusing me. For instance, in a Wheatstone bridge (Electronics Fundamentals, Floyd, p. 237) with a transducer in place of one of the resistors, there is a node just after the bridge section. From this node, there is a connection back to the negative terminal of the battery, and another to ground. Why is this? Why is the ground needed here?

Why wouldn't the device work without it?
 
  • #11
Master J said:
However, the ground in circuit diagrams is still confusing me. For instance, in a Wheatstone bridge (Electronics Fundamentals, Floyd, p. 237) with a transducer in place of one of the resistors, there is a node just after the bridge section. From this node, there is a connection back to the negative terminal of the battery, and another to ground. Why is this? Why is the ground needed here?

Why wouldn't the device work without it?
Why are you making this so complicated? Current can only flow in a loop. In this case it flows out of the positive terminal of the battery and back into the negative terminal. The ground symbol is there make it clear to you that the negative terminal of the battery is the circuit ground.
 
  • #12
OP, "ground" and "earth" (usually used in Britain) are equivalent. If you live in the US, your power from the street-side transformer is supplied to your entrance and breaker box in 3 conductors. There is 120V coming from one side of the transformer, and 120V (out of phase with the other leg) coming from the other side of the transformer, PLUS a neutral conductor connected to the center-tap of that step-down transformer. The neutral tap is referenced (tied to) ground at your electrical entrance, giving a fault-path to ground.

Any catastrophic shorts in your home's appliances or circuitry should shunt the current to ground, tripping breakers (or in the old days, blowing fuses) so that you can see where the problem is without anybody getting hurt. In cases where your neutral conductors lose ground reference (perhaps due to loose or corroded clamps/screws in the entrance panel) all kinds of very odd and potentially unsafe conditions may occur. This happened in our old home many years ago when entrance panels designed for copper feeds were fitted with aluminum wires and lost good contact. The power company reps were clueless, but my trouble-shooter electrician brother-in-law figured it out in a few minutes of phone conversation. Tighten one clamp and fixed!
 
  • #13
Hey Turbo...perhaps you meant to say this...and I do believe it is your intention...

...but the line to line voltage coming out of the streetside transformer is 240 volts. Because the transformer is centertapped (our neutral wire), we can achieve 120 volts by going to line to neutral...which is the case in most cases except for electric dryers, ovens, hot tubs, AC compressors and the like...which obviously are line to line 240. (unless they are gas)

And yes, there are clearly two 120 volt vectors out of phase by 180 degrees...so 120-(-120) equals 240.

I know I'm splitting hairs here...but the voltage delivered to a USA home is clearly 240 volts. With 120 volts at are fingertips as well.

I'm simply pointing this out so someone not familiar with the home panel doesn't get confused.
 
  • #14
psparky said:
Hey Turbo...perhaps you meant to say this...and I do believe it is your intention...

...but the line to line voltage coming out of the streetside transformer is 240 volts. Because the transformer is centertapped (our neutral wire), we can achieve 120 volts by going to line to neutral...which is the case in most cases except for electric dryers, ovens, hot tubs, AC compressors and the like...which obviously are line to line 240. (unless they are gas)

And yes, there are clearly two 120 volt vectors out of phase by 180 degrees...so 120-(-120) equals 240.

I know I'm splitting hairs here...but the voltage delivered to a USA home is clearly 240 volts. With 120 volts at are fingertips as well.

I'm simply pointing this out so someone not familiar with the home panel doesn't get confused.
This is a clear re-statement, and I'm OK with it. A little refinement - the electrician that wires your home should try to balance the loads on the legs of your breaker-box. This often was not the case when older homes were wired years back, and people started adding freezers, refrigerators, dryers to the mix. It was much easier for electricians back when AC was meant to provide lighting and smaller loads like hand-mixers, pop-up toasters, etc.
 
  • #15
Yes, just a clear restatement, indeed.

Also, the centertap is grounded like you said...and the nuetral and ground tied together in the panel.

That being said...it is my belief there is some "trickle" current running thru the ground between the transformer and house panel. The current can easily go thru the hot conductors or neutral...but there is also a path thru the ground. Way, way higher in resistance, but the high resistance will still take on trickle current...V=IR if I'm not mistaken.

I could be wrong...if so, someone please correct my logic here. Then again, I may be right. It happens.
 
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  • #16
https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=382007&page=2

In addition to the definition I offered in that thread (similar to that by cmb here).

An Earth is a body whose potential does not alter, regardless of the current flows into or out of it, within the design limits of the system.

I now add the following.

An Earth need not be part of the circuit or indeed any circuit.
 
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  • #17
jim hardy said:
well Velikovsky certainly said as much (Worlds in Collision)

and you might google on terms 'iron sun' and 'neutron repulsion'

Taken by itself, I'd take that as evidence AGAINST. Velikovsky was a nut case.
 
  • #18
Before anyone makes a statement on a thread like this they should have to declare what Country they are in and what electrical distribution is used. I spent a long time at cross purposes with US residents who have the whackiest electrical system you could ever imagine - unless you happen to live in the US, in which case you would say that the UK system is the whackiest possible system.

In the US, the power is generated with three phase generators and the high voltage distribution is three phase but one pair of wires from a transformer 'on the pole' feeds each house (220V), with a third wire from the centre tap of the transformer. This is referred to (afaik) as the neutral. This neutral is, essentially, a local neutral. High power is taken using the 220V but low power uses the 110 V between one side and the neutral. Any imbalance in load will only affect the individual consumer. Historically, I believe the US system was 110V but the currents required for high power 110V appliances forced the modification of providing a 220 supply as well.
In the UK, three phases are distributed right down to the lowest, domestic voltage. The 'UK neutral' is connected to all the consumers who are fed by the local transformer. Normally the houses are fed with phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3, in rotation, all along a street (230V) - hoping that the three loads will near enough balance out. Any imbalance will turn up as a small voltage (just a few volts max) between the (everybody's) neutral and the actual Earth. This neutral is just allowed to 'float' and shouldn't be connected to Earth (water pipes or stakes in the ground).
Many statements made about one system don't apply to the other.
Except the one that says - If your washing machine is connected directly, by a network of wires to the Earth and to every other piece of exposed metal in the house then there can never be a lethal voltage between the case and anything else that can touch in the house.
 
  • #19
sophiecentaur said:
Many statements made about one system don't apply to the other.
Except the one that says - If your washing machine is connected directly, by a network of wires to the Earth and to every other piece of exposed metal in the house then there can never be a lethal voltage between the case and anything else that can touch in the house.

I am sure I will hear those words echoing in my head, if my house ever spontaneously discharges 300kA of electrons upwards, inducing residual currents throughout!
 
  • #20
sophiecentaur said:
Before anyone makes a statement on a thread like this they should have to declare what Country they are in and what electrical distribution is used. I spent a long time at cross purposes with US residents who have the whackiest electrical system you could ever imagine - unless you happen to live in the US, in which case you would say that the UK system is the whackiest possible system.

In the US, the power is generated with three phase generators and the high voltage distribution is three phase but one pair of wires from a transformer 'on the pole' feeds each house (220V), with a third wire from the centre tap of the transformer. This is referred to (afaik) as the neutral. This neutral is, essentially, a local neutral. High power is taken using the 220V but low power uses the 110 V between one side and the neutral. Any imbalance in load will only affect the individual consumer. Historically, I believe the US system was 110V but the currents required for high power 110V appliances forced the modification of providing a 220 supply as well.
In the UK, three phases are distributed right down to the lowest, domestic voltage. The 'UK neutral' is connected to all the consumers who are fed by the local transformer. Normally the houses are fed with phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3, in rotation, all along a street (230V) - hoping that the three loads will near enough balance out. Any imbalance will turn up as a small voltage (just a few volts max) between the (everybody's) neutral and the actual Earth. This neutral is just allowed to 'float' and shouldn't be connected to Earth (water pipes or stakes in the ground).
Many statements made about one system don't apply to the other.
Except the one that says - If your washing machine is connected directly, by a network of wires to the Earth and to every other piece of exposed metal in the house then there can never be a lethal voltage between the case and anything else that can touch in the house.

Good stuff.

I would say the three phase system is way better. But I guess USA believes single phase can deliver enough for cost comparison.

Interesting about the floating neutral. I guess you wouldn't have any "trickle" current through ground in that case.

Also, it is my belief that our supply voltage is 240 and center tapped to 120. Our load voltages are 230V and 110V to account for voltage drop.

And yes, I live in USA.
 
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  • #21
""This neutral is just allowed to 'float' and shouldn't be connected to Earth (water pipes or stakes in the ground).""


Here in US the low side neutral of distribution transformer (household side) is solidly earthed so that, in event of a primary to secondary short in distribution transformer, the house wiring is not subjected to kilovolts of distribution voltage. The distribution side fuse should open and disconnect the faulted transformer.


same principle as explained by washing machine example above, just looking back toward source instead.
 
  • #22
The US & UK have very different 'average' situations to deal with. Most UK consumers have a separation of a few metres (translation: feet) in the US the spacing. Transmission losses are the clue, I think.
 
  • #23
sophiecentaur said:
The US & UK have very different 'average' situations to deal with. Most UK consumers have a separation of a few metres (translation: feet) in the US the spacing. Transmission losses are the clue, I think.

That's just the thing. All power lines in USA are delivered high voltage (500K I think) 3 phase everywhere...except residential. Three phase delivered near homes...tap two of the wires with a transformer for single phase 240V.

Any factory can get the full juice. Residential...240 center tapped single phase.

I guess it works. Never in my house have I thought there was a need for more power.
 
  • #24
In UK homes, there is, typically, a 60A company fuse in the supply. That's worth nearly 14kW at 230V. With an electric cooker going full bore and an electric shower, it's supplying something like its maximum current nominal current. It's a wonder more of them don't blow in households with just electrical heating. They must rely a lot on diversity - the fact that not everything's on at once - and very conservatively rated cables and fuses. Over an hour or so, a house with 14kW going into it would be pretty cosy, I suppose.
 
  • #25
sophiecentaur said:
In UK homes, there is, typically, a 60A company fuse in the supply. That's worth nearly 14kW at 230V. With an electric cooker going full bore and an electric shower, it's supplying something like its maximum current nominal current. It's a wonder more of them don't blow in households with just electrical heating. They must rely a lot on diversity - the fact that not everything's on at once - and very conservatively rated cables and fuses. Over an hour or so, a house with 14kW going into it would be pretty cosy, I suppose.

If UK homes are single phase, than your calc is correct.

I thought you mentioned that you use all three phase there. If three phase is the case...then...

60*230*1.73 = 23.8 KW. Hence, another beauty of three phase. Not to mention quieter motors such as exhaust fans, quieter air handler in your furnace, quiter air condensing unit...etc. Not to mention less vibration in motors saving bearing life...and saving bearing life really makes a huge difference on really large duty motors...such as some of the monsters you may see in factories.

I agree with the diversity effect. Some people in USA put 200 amp panels in their huge houses (4,000 sq ft and up for example). The transformer can in no way serve a few houses like this. However, since rarely are all things on at once, it typically doesn't trip a breaker.

And heck, almost no way you can use 200 amps of power.
At 240 Volt single phase...that is 48 KVA. That's kinda alot. A typical AC condenser and Clothes dryer would use about 5KVA a piece for example...10KVA when both on.

Also important to mention...when the power factor is 1 such as in resistive elements like heaters and lights, KW=KVA

In inductive loads such as motors, KW does NOT equal KVA. KW is typically .7 times smaller than KVA in an average motor. This can range from .3 to .95...approxmately...but .7 is about norm I find.

KW is the output of the shaft...KVA is the amount of electrical power that is required to make that output at the shaft. Typically around 1.4 times as much power. I guess were talkin the power triangle. KW on base, KVA is hypetonuse, and reactive power (vars) is the vertical leg. Vars are like the "stuff" floating in the magnetic field...something like that.

With inductive motors, your power calculations for amps in particular, must be calculated off of KVA. Calculate from KW and you will be popping breaker mains and may need to resize your wires larger. Pretty important. In short, if you always calculate power from KVA...you can never go wrong. Conversely, if you always calculate power from KW...you will eventually go wrong.
 
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  • #26
""A typical AC condenser and Clothes dryer would use about 5KVA a piece for example...10KVA when both on."

and if it's approaching dinnertime,
add a couple kw for oven and a burner
a kw for microwave
a kw for fridge and freezer
5kw for hot water heater 'cause somebody showered
...and some McMansions have two of those
add a kw for teenagers' hair dryer
and a kw for the Mr Coffee machine
maybe a kw for lights


and all that heat gets pumped back out with the airconditioner

it adds up ...

if electricity here "necessarily skyrockets" , watch out for us peasants storming the gate.

.....

here in US they proportion households among the phases like Sophie describes.
when i was in about sixth grade riding my bicycle to school i wondered why there were three wires instead of two atop the bigger poles.
Following the wires i observed each block had a single wire going down the alleyway that fed all the houses there. Each transformer fed maybe four houses so there were about four transformers per block.. The blocks were rotated among the three main wires feeding the whole neighborhood.
But at the time i was unaware of 3 phase.

......

""All power lines in USA are delivered high voltage (500K I think) 3 phase everywhere..""

you can guesstimate the voltage from length of insulators.
69 kv about two feet, 138 kv about 4 feet, 230 kv about eight, etc.

in other threads there's been much discussion about charge , potential, capacitance, static electricity... here's a related piece of power company trivia --

the power line is of course at alternating potential with respect to Earth and so is anything connected to said line.
It follows then that a minute amount of current must flow into and out of that "anything" to compress and rarify its charge so it will have same potential as the power line..
observe carefully and you'll not see birds perched on lines more than about 40kv - the minute current tickles their feet and they don't like it.

old jim
 
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  • #27
jim hardy said:
Here in US the low side neutral of distribution transformer (household side) is solidly earthed so that, in event of a primary to secondary short in distribution transformer, the house wiring is not subjected to kilovolts of distribution voltage. The distribution side fuse should open and disconnect the faulted transformer.

I'm not sure I follow you Jim, If you have a 10:1 step-down txfmr being fed 2400vac on the primary, the secondary would be outputting 240vac to the house.

Now, if the primary shorted to the secondary, let's say half way (we now have a 5:1 txfmr), the surge of the extra 240vac will not enter the house because of the earthing at the house PDP?
 
  • #28
""Now, if the primary shorted to the secondary, let's say half way (we now have a 5:1 txfmr), the surge of the extra 240vac will not enter the house because of the earthing at the house PDP? "

that's the idea.
Don't forget there's earthing at the pole too. Probably they'd share the fault current.


Such a short would connect half the primary voltage to the secondary winding.

It the short is to the secondary neutral , that's solidly earthed so enough current will flow into Earth and back toward power plant's generators to pop the first fuse back on the local feeder.


if the short is instead to one of the ends of the secondary, that'd try to raise voltage there to 1200 volts and remember secondary is only a 120 volt winding either end-to-neutral(perhaps 240 where you are?). Secondary cannot make 1200 volts of back emf - to do so would require magnetic flux in core that's 10X normal.

so excessive magnetizing current will flow into the transformer and back out the neutral into earth,
and that'll very soon pop the distribution fuse.


that's why one should pay attention to physical condition of earthing wire both at his power transformer and at his PDP.
If the copper thieves remove that wire coming down your power pole you should notify the electric company.
If you accidentally cut the one at PDP with your lawnmower, put it back.
 
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  • #29
psparky said:
If UK homes are single phase, than your calc is correct.

.
Homes are nearly all single phase. As I wrote, already, the phases from the local substation transformer are shared out 1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 amongst the houses as you go along a street (230V throughout a housing development)
Consumers with a particularly high demand are served with a 3phase supply and they divide up the load as equally as the house engineer (or whoever) can do it. This is normally at 400V - except for very high consumers, who take 11kV (afair).
 
  • #30
"...Velikovsky was a nut case..."

though some of his conclusions were pretty well out there
his observations are quite interesting.

in the span of my adult lifetime science has come around to embrace cataclysm as part of the planet's natural history.

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/
 
  • #31
I think the thread has drifted into 'ground and neutral [public power transmission]' rather than 'common' which is a term generally to do with portable systems. Maybe better to have put this stuff about public distribution in its own thread.
 

1. What is ground and common clearing?

Ground and common clearing is a process that involves removing vegetation, rocks, and debris from the surface of the ground in preparation for construction or other land development activities.

2. Why is ground and common clearing necessary?

Ground and common clearing is necessary to create a flat and stable surface for construction, to remove potential hazards, and to create space for buildings, roads, and other structures.

3. How is ground and common clearing done?

Ground and common clearing is typically done using heavy machinery such as bulldozers, excavators, and tree removal equipment. The process involves cutting down trees, removing vegetation, and grading the land to create a level surface.

4. Is ground and common clearing harmful to the environment?

While ground and common clearing does involve removing natural elements from the land, it is necessary for development and can be done in an environmentally responsible manner. Steps can be taken to minimize the impact on the surrounding ecosystem, such as replanting trees and controlling erosion.

5. Who is responsible for ground and common clearing?

The responsibility for ground and common clearing usually falls on the property owner or the developer who is undertaking the construction or development project. They may hire a professional land clearing company to complete the task or do it themselves if they have the necessary equipment and expertise.

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