I Has anyone ever determined at what rate quarks move?

[mpolo]

I am wondering if anyone has determined by experiment or calculation at what rate or even better what frequency the quarks move around at inside a neutron and proton? Do neutrons or protons vibrate at a specific frequency.

 

[mfb]

Quarks do not have well-defined speeds. The closest thing they have is their momentum distribution, described with parton distribution functions. Those are measured at every major collider experiment.

Do neutrons or protons vibrate at a specific frequency.

No. They do not vibrate at all.

 

[mpolo]

Thanks for the links. They were very informative. So most everything we know about quarks comes from high energy collisions? In these collisions do quarks ever completely come out of the neutron and proton? According to what I read partons can not be observed as free particles. If so what happens to them? Do they change into other particles if a high energy collision destroys a proton? If so what do they change into? I would like to know more about these interesting objects called quarks. Its hard to imagine whether they are moving or not by thinking of their location changes as being defined as a probability density. This quantum mechanics is most confusing.

 

[mfb]

So most everything we know about quarks comes from high energy collisions?

Those are the only processes where we can study them in (sort of) isolation. Otherwise we only see hadrons.
High-energetic collisions between hadrons (like protons or neutrons) can be summarized like that: 2*(bound state made out of 2-3 quarks) -> big mess -> n*(bound state made out of 2-3 quarks). In the big mess, quarks can be created and destroyed.

If you start learning quantum mechanics, start with easier objects, like electrons in atoms.

 

[TeethWhitener]

No. They do not vibrate at all.

Just to horn in on the conversation: This was surprising to me. I know that nuclei have vibrational structure (as well as rotational structure if they're non-spherical), so I just assumed individual hadrons, being composite particles, would have vibrational structure as well. Why exactly don't they? (This can be split off into another thread if need be.)

 

[mfb]

Nuclei: yes. For nucleons, excited states are called different particles, but they don't correspond to anything that could be called vibrations. There is simply no such state.

 

[Comeback City]

For nucleons, excited states are called different particles

Do you mean nucleons are different particles in excited states?

 

[nikkkom]

Thanks for the links. They were very informative. So most everything we know about quarks comes from high energy collisions? In these collisions do quarks ever completely come out of the neutron and proton? According to what I read partons can not be observed as free particles. If so what happens to them?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronization

 

[mfb]

Do you mean nucleons are different particles in excited states?

An excited state of a proton gets a different name, e.g. "N(1440)". This is just a naming convention.

 

[mpolo]

If you start learning quantum mechanics, start with easier objects, like electrons in atoms.

Yes, I will definitely do that. I am really interested in the details of the electrons as well.
I am doing my best to dig through the QM mind field so that I can better visualize what is happening but I keep running into this problem. When using QM it becomes impossible to say anything with complete precision, unless that thing is so abstracted from the real physical world as to not represent any real thing.
So thus far it seems as if the quarks do not have real trajectories or velocities or positions (except for when we look at them) they just seem to show up in different places when we force collisions into protons and neutrons. These manifestations of quarks are represented by a probability distribution only. We get different results in the rubble of the collisions depending on what type of particles we collide with the proton and neutron and how high the energy we use. If we really destroy a proton the quarks come out of the nucleon and become something else that is not a quark once they are no longer inside the neutron or proton. Hopefully I have got that part right.

How exactly do we know that we are not just simply modifying the quarks into appearing as other types of particles by virtue of high energy collisions? In other words maybe all we are doing is creating these non-fundamental particles in colliders during these high energy collisions which are really nothing more than two particles or specific geometries crushed together for a short period of time and then they simply decay back into stable fundamental particles. It seems to me that the high energy collision process is a high invasive technique in regards to the neutron and the proton and we are creating particles that are not really a part of the normal nucleon process. Simply put maybe there is nothing more in protons and neutrons than the 3 quarks that were discovered early on using lower energy probes. Has anyone ever considered this possibility?

 

[mfb]

How exactly do we know that we are not just simply modifying the quarks into appearing as other types of particles by virtue of high energy collisions? In other words maybe all we are doing is creating these non-fundamental particles in colliders during these high energy collisions which are really nothing more than two particles or specific geometries crushed together for a short period of time and then they simply decay back into stable fundamental particles.

We have a model that is simple and works great and can describe hundreds of of measurements with incredible precision. This includes modeling the internal structure of neutrons and protons (and several other particles) to predict their masses. The same model that leads to the correct masses (and spin, lifetime, and various other properties) also leads to the correct predictions for collisions.
We don't have a model where there are some "conversions" ongoing that would remotely match any observations.

 

[mpolo]

MFB thanks for the info. You certainly seem to know a lot about the world of sub-atomic particles. I am curious about something. Is there ever a time at a certain energy level where the neutron or the proton is destroyed and the particles that come out are either two positrons and an electron or two electrons and a positron?

 

[mfb]

I'm working with that.

Such a process is not possible (at least not in the Standard Model), it violates baryon number conservation and lepton number conservation.

 

[mpolo]

What happens when two protons collide at the highest energy do they still remain protons or do they turn into a shower of other particles? I am unclear on what happens in the collider to protons and neutrons when they are bombarded by other particles especially at the highest energies. Is there a chart that exists that shows for instance at different energy levels of electron bombardment of protons what other particles are produced at each increasing energy levels? In each case does the proton remain intact? I would love to see that info all together in some sort of chart. Perhaps someone has written a program that simulates a particle collider using just the standard model and Quantum Mechanics. That would really be fun to play with and be a great learning tool. I want to understand where are all these new particles coming from?

 

[mfb]

What happens when two protons collide at the highest energy do they still remain protons or do they turn into a shower of other particles?

Both are possible options. It is random.

Is there a chart that exists that shows for instance at different energy levels of electron bombardment of protons what other particles are produced at each increasing energy levels?

The result is random. Often several pions are created, sometimes kaons, neutrons, protons, sometimes heavier particles. Typically lighter particles are more frequent than heavier particles, and hadrons are more frequent than anything else, but there are some exceptions. More and heavier collision products correspond to a smaller probability that the proton stays intact.

Perhaps someone has written a program that simulates a particle collider using just the standard model and Quantum Mechanics.

There are many programs, and hundreds of theorists work on calculations for specific processes. It is challenging to get accurate predictions. The tools typically need hundreds to thousands of CPU hours and a lot of experience from the user to produce anything useful - to get interesting results you cannot just play around with them on your home computer. There are some public results from those calculations, ATLAS and CMS at CERN made some of them public for example. But playing around with that will still take at least a few days to get used to the basics of the frameworks.

I want to understand where are all these new particles coming from?

They are created in the collisions.

 

[ChrisVer]

What would you learn from a chart?
It's easier to learn the Standard Model itself than look at a table of several hundrends of possible outcomes...

 

[mpolo]

ChrisVer > I am a self taught person so using a chart allows me to examine the data directly so I can look for patterns. Its just how I learn best in this particular situation.
There is something in this conversation that has caused me to pause. I see a paradox. Perhaps someone can help me resolve this paradox. I see references to the Standard Model and thanks to the powerful predictive power of Quantum Mechanics it can be used to predict the large scale statistical outcome of various particle collisions and their by products. The conflict in my mind occurs as it has been mentioned that the outcomes of these collisions are purely random. In this case I am assuming that what is random is the prediction of an individual event. On the other hand how can we have predictive capabilities when conducting particle collision experiments and claim that they are random? If we can predict the results of particle experiments when a large statistical sample is used then the results overall are not random. They are not random because a statistical pattern emerges. Something can only be random if it has no specific pattern. Can someone please help me clear up this conflict?

 

[mfb]

Such a chart cannot exist. You can just go by the masses of the particles to see what is possible.

We can predict probabilities for every event. For many events, the observed probabilities will approximate the predictions (if the predictions are right).

This is similar to predicting what a die will do. You predict "every side has a probability of 1/6 each time". I predict "1 has 50% probability, the others have 10% probability". Then we roll it 10000 times and write down how often each side occurs. Then we see which prediction was better. Each roll is random, but with many rolls we can see that some theories fit and some do not.

 

[mpolo]

We can predict probabilities for every event. For many events, the observed probabilities will approximate the predictions (if the predictions are right).

I noticed this technique of retrofitting equations to match the results of experiments when I was going to websites of physicists that were talking about the search for the Higgs particle. Each time the Higgs was not found at the energy level that the equations were predicting it appeared to me that the professor modified the equation to predict the discovery at the next energy level. Is this a common practice?

I get what you are saying in your example concerning the die. Unfortunately I have detected a logical inconsistency in my mind that I can't seem to overcome. That logical inconsistency is how we can say that a series of singular random events when compiled form predictive patterns that are not random. How can something that is random when repeatedly performed turn into a pattern that is not random. Logically if the group of events is not random then the set of individual events which make up the predictable non-random group must also not be random. For example the double slit experiment when done with firing single electrons or photons through the double slit. Each singular detection appears to be random but when we compare a sample of several thousand events we see the striped pattern. This in my mind can only happen because there is an interaction going on between the particle in motion and the physical geometrical structure of the test apparatus and this interaction is determining the path of each and every particle. This logically must be interpreted that while singular events are not predictable by any math or model we possesses they give the impression of being random but in reality they are not. Is there something wrong with my logic? I can't seem to find a logical way out of this knotted logic. Perhaps the world is so chaotic it just appears to be random. This question I have sounds like it might be a question to be dealt with as the start of a new thread concerning the proper interpretation of the double slit experiment. If an admin thinks it is worthy of discussion and wants to move it that is fine with me.

Thank you MFB for your help I have enjoyed the conversation. I have many more questions about particles and so I will start a new thread to ask other questions later on.

 

[Vanadium 50]

I noticed this technique of retrofitting equations to match the results of experiments when I was going to websites of physicists that were talking about the search for the Higgs particle. Each time the Higgs was not found at the energy level that the equations were predicting it appeared to me that the professor modified the equation to predict the discovery at the next energy level.

That is untrue.

That is one of the problems of being self-taught. Your teacher doesn't know any more than you do.

 

[mpolo]

Ah, thanks for clearing that up. I was not sure if that is what I was seeing or not. Its just that a few days before he was talking that we expected to find the Higgs at this energy level and they didn't then the next thing is he is saying we can expect to see it here now at this new level. Maybe there was not a formula devised predicting at one level then another. It just seems like if he expected to see it at a certain energy level he must have been using a computation of some sort in order to make a prediction. Maybe he was just guessing based on what, I don't know. Does not seem very scientific though. Any way thanks for clearing that up for me.

Do you see my problem with the logic I was speaking of. Is there an argument using a QM interpretation that explains how the sum of all random events equals a group result that has a pattern that is not random? I just don't see how that is possible.

 

[mfb]

I noticed this technique of retrofitting equations to match the results of experiments when I was going to websites of physicists that were talking about the search for the Higgs particle. Each time the Higgs was not found at the energy level that the equations were predicting it appeared to me that the professor modified the equation to predict the discovery at the next energy level. Is this a common practice?

That doesn't make sense at all.

Ah, thanks for clearing that up. I was not sure if that is what I was seeing or not. Its just that a few days before he was talking that we expected to find the Higgs at this energy level and they didn't then the next thing is he is saying we can expect to see it here now at this new level.

That is not what happened. The Higgs mass could not be predicted (not fully true, but within the scope of this thread it is), different experiments could look for different masses. Of course every experiment hoped to have the Higgs in "its" range. But that was always just a hope, not a prediction. The LHC was the first experiment that could search in the whole mass range.

How can something that is random when repeatedly performed turn into a pattern that is not random.

Throw a die 1000 times. The expectation value for the number of "6" you get is 167. You might get 160, or 170, or some other values close to 167. But it is incredibly unlikely that you get 100 or 250 times a "6".
This is standard probability theory and has nothing to do with particle physics.

 

[mpolo]

Okay, I guess I hit a nerve on the Higgs comments. You keep bringing it up even after I said okay. Sorry about that did not mean to upset the apple cart. I very much appreciate you taking the time to explain things. Thanks again. As for the randomness discussion that is best left for another question for another day. Thank you again for your answers and time. Keep up the good work in the world of particle physics!

 

[ChrisVer]

what kind of patterns did you mean in your posts?
what are the patterns you get by rolling a die? Do they somehow affect the result of a throw?

 

[mpolo]

what kind of patterns did you mean in your posts?
what are the patterns you get by rolling a die? Do they somehow affect the result of a throw?

Ah, a gambler searching for an edge. I was going to comment some more about randomness and patterns but initially decided not to because I was upsetting someone. My goal is not to upset or anger or antagonize people I am just a curious person that takes nothing for granted. I question everything. Chris, since you asked, in my opinion, I believe that randomness is an illusion. What we normally call “random” is not truly random, but only appears so. The randomness is a reflection of our ignorance about the thing being observed, rather than something inherent to it. Most all things that happen in nature can be explained by hidden local variables. Now physicists will point to examples like the EPR experiment to prove that randomness really exists. But the debate is still raging on that issue as no one really knows how EPR non-locality really works.

Yes there are patterns in rolling dice you can get an edge because rolling dice is not truly random process. But it is difficult to get the edge. This comment comes from the article I have given you the link to. "There have been studies by scientists concerning the rolling of dice and the new theoretical models and high-speed movies of dice rolls of numerous shapes and sizes confirm this is not strictly the case. They show that dice thrown with a 1 on the top are slightly more likely to land as a 1 than as the other values for every type of the various kinds of dice they studied. But at the same time, it's usually too hard for someone to predict the outcome of the throw of a single die--you'd have to know the starting conditions of the throw and its environment so precisely that for all practical purposes, the result could be considered random." But if you hold the dice a certain way each and every time, for example with a three and four on top and release them in the same way you will change the odds and give your self a slight edge in a game of craps over the long period of time.

If you know everything about a craps table, and everything about the dice being thrown, and everything about the air around the table, then you will be able to predict the outcome. That's the catch it requires a lot of information and control to get a predictable outcome. The good news is that you can know enough and do enough to significantly effect the outcome of a roll. Now if you are too obvious in the way you hold and throw the dice you may get in trouble with the casino because they are watching your every move.

see this article for the details: Dice Rolls are Not Completely Random

https://www.insidescience.org/news/dice-rolls-are-not-completely-random

Good Luck

 

[ChrisVer]

tip: avoid using words such as "illusion" and things like these in this forum [or even better in your life]. It only sells to pop-sci or philosophers...and none is a science.
OK, Let me change the process to something else, to leave the (unnecessary) overcomplexification you introduced:
the Z boson can decay to fermions: Z \rightarrow q\bar{q}, Z \rightarrow e\bar{e}, Z \rightarrow \mu\bar{\mu}, Z \rightarrow \tau \bar{\tau},Z \rightarrow \nu\bar{\nu} (patterns). That comes from theory... now if you take 1 Z boson, it's impossible to tell into what it will decay. That's because the decay is a random process. There is nothing different between a Z boson that decays to electrons to a Z boson that decays to muons. What you can talk about is the probability that it might decay into one or the other. By the time you put "probability" into discussion, you can only talk for large samples...
Similarily the production of the Z boson is probabilistic... in some collisions you might get a Z boson, in some others you might get a photon, in others [...] and the list goes on ... That's why we use production cross sections (or even measure them). If we could tune what to obtain just by changing the condition of our experiment, we would do that and we wouldn't have to deal with all the other backgrounds that come in the game.

 

[mfb]

Now physicists will point to examples like the EPR experiment to prove that randomness really exists. But the debate is still raging on that issue as no one really knows how EPR non-locality really works.

You can find hidden-variable theories (de-Broglie Bohm for example) - but EPR demonstrates you cannot measure those hidden variables. This is a mathematical proof.

If you know everything about a craps table, and everything about the dice being thrown, and everything about the air around the table, then you will be able to predict the outcome.

Don't take analogies too far.

 

[mpolo]

de-Broglie Bohm Theory. My favorite QM interpretation. The pilot wave can possibly be used to explain EPR.