Fermium is noted as the last element that can be synthesized through neutron bombardment, primarily due to the instability of heavier elements. Beyond fermium, atomic nuclei are less likely to absorb neutrons and instead may undergo fission or eject particles. The discussion highlights that while neutron bombardment leads to a single proton increase via beta decay, alpha particle absorption results in a two-proton increase, changing the element entirely. The short half-lives of heavy elements necessitate stable targets for synthesis, making the use of heavy ions more effective for creating elements beyond fermium. Overall, the synthesis of heavier elements relies on specific nuclear reactions and the stability of the resulting isotopes.
