Rutherford's concept of atoms being mostly empty space raises questions about the solidity of materials, such as why a chair can support weight without collapsing. The key lies in the relative distances between atoms and the nature of intermolecular forces. Although there is significant space between atoms, they are held together by electromagnetic forces, particularly Coulomb forces, which prevent them from coming too close to one another. This interaction is similar to the repulsion experienced between like poles of magnets. In solids, the atoms are tightly packed in a rigid structure, creating strong contact forces that prevent penetration, while in fluids, atoms are more loosely arranged, allowing for easier displacement. Thus, the electromagnetic interactions between particles are crucial in maintaining the integrity of solid objects and preventing objects from passing through one another.
