How Does Radio Wave Impact on Ionospheric Electron Integrate in Physics?

[Astrum]

This isn't a HM question, and I'm asking for an explanation.

This is "The effect of a Radio Wave on an Ionospheric Electron"

The integration is weird, I don't follow what is being done.

<b>a</b>=\frac{-e<b>E</b>}{m} - reworking of F=ma

\frac{-e<b>E</b>}{m}sin(\omega t

only interested in the x axis.

\int\frac{dv}{dt}=\int^{t}_{0}a_{0}sin(\omega t) dt

This becomes: v(t)=v_{0}-\frac{a_{0}}{\omega}cos(\omega t-1)
- I don't get where this came from, I understand the indefinite integration, but not where the "ωt-1" came from.

And the last step:

\int\frac{dx}{dt}=\int^{t}_{0}[v_{0}-\frac{a_{0}}{\omega}cost(\omega t-1)]dt

= x_{0} + (v_{0}+\frac{a_{0}}{\omega})t-\frac{a_{0}}{\omega^{2}}sin(\omega t)

Not sure where the final answer comes from. Could't you just integrate it twice, then tack on the definite integral?

 

[AlephZero]

I think some parentheses are in the wrong place.
$$\int_0^t a_0 \sin(\omega t)\, dt = \left[ -\frac{a_0}{\omega} \cos(\omega t)\right]_0^t$$
$$= - \frac{a_0}{\omega}(\cos(\omega t) - \cos 0)$$
$$= - \frac{a_0}{\omega}(\cos(\omega t) - 1)$$