Instruments to measure plasmas besides Langmuir probes?

1a2
Messages
20
Reaction score
0
If a plasma is created at one end of a solenoid and heads down towards a target with a density and temperature too high for Langmuir probes, what other instruments can measure the density with a strong signal that is easy to interpret?
 
To be more specific, the plasma has a density <5x10^19/m^3 and 10eV temperature.

I was thinking either capacitive probes as, depending on the design, these can work in hotter/denser plasmas than Langmuir probes. They are really just a Langmuir probe without an exposed metallic tip when it comes down to it though, and work on a similar principle.

Also, perhaps millimeter-wave interferometry because when a microwave signal is passed through the plasma, where wave-particle interactions with the electrons cause a phase shift in the signal. The phase shift between this signal and a reference beam path is measured, and density information can be inferred.
 
Toponium is a hadron which is the bound state of a valance top quark and a valance antitop quark. Oversimplified presentations often state that top quarks don't form hadrons, because they decay to bottom quarks extremely rapidly after they are created, leaving no time to form a hadron. And, the vast majority of the time, this is true. But, the lifetime of a top quark is only an average lifetime. Sometimes it decays faster and sometimes it decays slower. In the highly improbable case that...
I'm following this paper by Kitaev on SL(2,R) representations and I'm having a problem in the normalization of the continuous eigenfunctions (eqs. (67)-(70)), which satisfy \langle f_s | f_{s'} \rangle = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{2}{(1-u)^2} f_s(u)^* f_{s'}(u) \, du. \tag{67} The singular contribution of the integral arises at the endpoint u=1 of the integral, and in the limit u \to 1, the function f_s(u) takes on the form f_s(u) \approx a_s (1-u)^{1/2 + i s} + a_s^* (1-u)^{1/2 - i s}. \tag{70}...
Back
Top