Is Al Gore's Presentation of Global Warming in An Inconvenient Truth Accurate?

AI Thread Summary
Al Gore is facing a lawsuit alleging fraud related to his promotion of global warming, with claims that he intentionally misrepresented scientific data. The discussion highlights skepticism about the legal system's ability to serve as an arbiter of scientific truth, as courts often rely on expert testimony and consensus, which can be biased. Critics argue that the scientific community should resolve climate debates rather than courts, as judges lack expertise in climatology. The conversation also touches on the complexities of establishing a causal link between human activities and global warming, emphasizing that while correlations exist, definitive proof of causation remains elusive. Some participants express concerns about the politicization of climate science and the potential consequences of acting on unproven theories. The debate underscores the need for rigorous scientific inquiry and the challenges of communicating climate issues to the public.
drankin
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,337710,00.html

Al Gore is getting sued for fraud. This should be interesting. Now the debate is forced into the presentation of evidence suitable for a court of law. Will the outcome change the worlds mindset?
 
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I'm sorry, why would a court of law be some sort of high standard for evidence? It hardly cares about truth in any way. It's a game between two opposing parties.

All you have to do is implement the Wookie defense.
 
Poop-Loops said:
I'm sorry, why would a court of law be some sort of high standard for evidence? It hardly cares about truth in any way. It's a game between two opposing parties.

All you have to do is implement the Wookie defense.

to be fair, he was talking about "the world mindset". Not that I disagree with you, but to some the courts ARE a higher standard.
 
John Coleman, who founded the cable network in 1982, suggests suing for fraud proponents of global warming, including Al Gore, and companies that sell carbon credits.

So, first of all, Gore is not being sued, there is just some unqualified weatherman talking about suing him. He also said that there is no global warming per se, and that if Gore "knows" that carbon is not having an impact, then he should be held liable. In other words, he alleges intentional fraud by Gore about the essence of the science that is backed by the IPCC and that Gore received a Nobel Prize for publicizing. :smile:

I have read dozens of scientific papers. I have talked with numerous scientists. I have studied. I have thought about it. I know I am correct.
John Coleman

Hmmmm, I wonder how many times I've heard this sort of thing in S&D. I may have banned him before... :biggrin:

I might add that actually reading DOZENS of papers and talking with NUMEROUS scientists may be going above and beyond the call of duty.
 
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Poop-Loops said:
I'm sorry, why would a court of law be some sort of high standard for evidence? It hardly cares about truth in any way. It's a game between two opposing parties.

All you have to do is implement the Wookie defense.


What? If a US court can't determine something to be final, who can? You? They will have all the experts stating providing their evidence, and the evidence, as given, will be judged objectively. What more do you want? What kind of debate would be acceptable to you?
 
Courts are not designed to be arbiters of all disagreements, drankin. Science is best settled by the scientific community.
 
russ_watters said:
Courts are not designed to be arbiters of all disagreements, drankin. Science is best settled by the scientific community.

If the debate cannot be held by the scientific community to the point that everyone comes to a general consensus, then why not the tried and true US court system, russ?
 
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Because the courts are simply not equipped to handle such issues. What does a judge know about climatology?
 
The verdict would carry about as much weight as Oprah's top 10 books ever list. Except tax payers would be paying for the list.
 
  • #10
drankin said:
If the debate cannot be held by the scientific community to the point that everyone comes to a general consensus, then why not the tried and true US court system, russ?

By the same token, we should have the courts settle which M-theory is correct, if any.
 
  • #11
russ_watters said:
Because the courts are simply not equipped to handle such issues. What does a judge know about climatology?

That's what the "experts" are for. If something is "scientific" a court can't make a valid decision? That's rediculous. This is done every day. What the experts have to do is lay out the facts to their most basic premises. They have to break it down and show their evidence. If a particular side cannot support their case as well as the other then you have a decision that represents it. Like I asked, "What more do you want?"

All Al Gore has to do is lay out the facts.

The ID case was done in this way, the evidence was presented, a verdict was reached based on the evidence provided. I see no reason this cannot be done with the Global Warming debate in the same way. What would be a better forum?
 
  • #12
The laboratory? Something about a scientific verdict bothers me. Can you imagine a judge saying that the next big theory is correct/incorrect? That's not how its supposed to work.
 
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  • #13
dontdisturbmycircles said:
The laboratory?

Could you point the way to a particular laboratory that could settle this debate? I'm sure there are countless scientist that would like to observe the results.
 
  • #14
Unfortunately at this time I don't think there is one, and that's fine. I'd rather not know the answer than have some 'judge of the law' give me one, wouldn't you?
 
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  • #15
dontdisturbmycircles said:
The laboratory? Something about a scientific verdict bothers me. Can you imagine a judge saying that the next big theory is correct/incorrect? Thats now how its supposed to work.

All the suit would settle is if Al Gore based his information fraudulently I imagine. That's not really the point. The point is, get all the information together before an unbiased panel to filter and point one way or the other, or that no conclusion can be made at all. Regardless of the "judgement" we will all have the most conclusive information presented publicly and we can make up our own minds from the most persuasive arguments.
 
  • #16
drankin said:
If the debate cannot be held by the scientific community to the point that everyone comes to a general consensus, then why not the tried and true US court system, russ?

Look at the most serious court cases: rape and murder trials. A lot of the evidence is witness testimony and a lot of speculation. It's NOT by any means an episode of CSI.

Things that are accepted as evidence in court would get you beat up in a physics department. By all the nerdy professors.
 
  • #17
Gore's documentary has already been the subject of a court case in the UK with the result the judge found 9 serious errors of fact and so ruled that if shown to children in schools it must be accompanied by a warning and the counter arguments also must be presented. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/7037671.stm
 
  • #18
drankin said:
That's what the "experts" are for. If something is "scientific" a court can't make a valid decision? That's rediculous. This is done every day. What the experts have to do is lay out the facts to their most basic premises. They have to break it down and show their evidence. If a particular side cannot support their case as well as the other then you have a decision that represents it. Like I asked, "What more do you want?"

The problem is that "experts" are polarized now too. So depending on WHICH expert you pick, you know what he will say. This debate has come up several times here on PF already, but the SCIENCE of global warming is far less settled than proponents or opponents sometimes seem to claim: in other words, there is not such a thing as a complete and clear consensus in the scientific community as to what exactly happens, due to what causes and so on, like, for instance, in electrical engineering, just to take a silly example. That doesn't mean that there is nothing, either. But for the moment it seems that the "politically correct" word in climate science is to say that there will be global warming, caused by human effects. If you say that, you get grants, you get invited by politicians, tv-shows, and everything, while if you say the opposite, you are defending oil companies etc... From the moment that these issues get mixed into the position taken by a scientist (which is also a human being), one cannot count anymore on his neutrality. In other words, you won't find a NEUTRAL EXPERT. And so, according to how you set up your panel of experts, you can predict already what will be the outcome, but with a strong bias towards "global warming is humanly caused". Now, it is not because of this, that there is no such AGW ! But is not yet an indisputable scientific fact. It might not be there.

To prove a CAUSAL link implied by AGW, one needs to turn an OBSERVED correlation into a genuine cause-effect relationship. The observed correlation is that there is a slight increase in global temperature on one hand, and an increasing concentration of CO2 on the other. But one can find other correlations: there's a correlation between the increase in global temperature and the average processor speed of the sold personal computers over the year too.

Now, nobody is going to think that increased processor speed in PCs is causing global warming. There's a correlation, but not necessary a causal link. However, with CO2, it might. Then, one also has to indicate that this CO2 is *the cause* of human emission, and not the consequence of some global warming.

There are two ways to prove beyond scientific doubt that there is a cause-effect relationship in science, and neither has been achieved in AGW. The first one is an indisputable derivation of the relationship from well-known physical laws, which makes accurate predictions of the observed correlation, and which indicates the causality.

In other words, if one is able to model, using only known physical laws, precisely the warming of the Earth that results as a consequence of an increase of CO2, then one can assume that the cause-effect relationship is demonstrated and even understood as a function of the used laws. Well, to my knowledge, that has never been done in this case. There are a lot of computer models, but they all need "phenomenology" like cloud formation, soil response, vegetation response and all that, and on these things there's so much uncertainty that you can "warm" or "cool" as you like. This is not to say that this is not a good approach, but the problem is simply very complicated.

The other way is experimental: if you can arbitrarily VARY the cause, and the effect remains correlated, you've also shown a cause-effect relationship. In order to do so, you should, say, divide by 10 human CO2 emissions, and wait long enough to see the "glitch" in the global temperature. This is probably the kind of experiment we're tempting in the 21st century, by trying to cut back on CO2 emissions for 30 years, wait for 40 more years, and compile the data :smile:

So the two approaches to indicating a causal link have not been applied beyond doubt. So you can't yet state with scientific "certainty" that AGW is true. Scientifically, there are *indications*, like the prediction of SOME models, and the observed correlation of CO2 and warming. But none of this is yet at the stage where the relationship has been scientifically proved without any reasonable doubt, like it is, for instance, concerning the prediction of the next solar eclipse, or the prediction of the current that will flow in a given resistor when exposed to a certain voltage or anything of that kind.

However, does it mean that we have to *dismiss* AGW ? It certainly would be reckless to do so. After all, the scientific indications that one has seem rather to go in the sense of it. This is probably why many scientists take on this attitude. Moreover, behaving AS IF AGW is true is a good thing, because this might induce humanity to seriously reduce CO2 emissions, which is necessary in any case to perform the 21-century experiment. One needs to convince people of the reality of AGW in order for the scientific experiment to be conducted in the first place.

So, the good attitude as a scientist is to tell Bob in the street that AGW is true, and that he urgently needs to cut down on CO2 production. This will allow the global experiment to be performed. However, within the scientific community, one should keep a reserved attitude as should every scientist before his experiment has shown any definite result :biggrin:
 
  • #19
Vanesch did you see the link in the other GW thread detailing the atomic absorption spectrum for CO2 and showing that AGW theory defies the known laws of physics? http://www.middlebury.net/op-ed/global-warming-01.html Do you think this paper makes a compelling argument?
 
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  • #20
Art said:
Vanesch did you see the link in the other GW thread detailing the atomic absorption spectrum for CO2 and showing that AGW theory defies the known laws of physics? http://www.middlebury.net/op-ed/global-warming-01.html Do you think this paper makes a compelling argument?

Well, I see one big blunder already:
We know that carbon dioxide in the air absorbs to extinction at its 15µM peak in about ten meters. The absorption distance of the two smaller peaks of shorter wavelength have not yet been measured ( that we can find in the literature), but extrapolation suggests an absorption path length in the neighborhood of no more than 300 meters. This means that CO2 does whatever it's going to do in a relatively short distance. Twice as much pure CO2 would do the same thing in about 5m for the 15µM peak. There's no significant difference between 5m and 10m or 300m and 150m for global warming, because convectional currents mix the air in such short distances. The "greenhouse effect" as far as CO2 is concerned is actually more of a "blanket effect". This is straightforward physics, and no, it's not debatable.

But the entire atmosphere isn't composed of CO2. In fact the current concentration in the atmosphere is only about 380 parts per million. It's what we call a "trace gas". So how much heat can our trace amounts of CO2 actually absorb? The math is simple: 8% ( or .08 ) x 380 PPM ( .000380 ) = .0000304, or about thirty millionths of the radiated heat.

Bear in mind, that's the maximum permissible absorption by all of the CO2 presently in our atmosphere. Man's percentage contribution is currently at about 3% of that. Now, let's see what the "man-made" contribution ( 3% of the total ) is. Again, multiply .0000304 x .03 = .000000912 . Let's round that up to the nearest single number and just say,

This is a totally erroneous estimation, for the following reason. If we consider the CO2 to be independent particles of the oxygen/nitrogen, then the total RATIO of (inert) oxygen particles to CO2 particles doesn't influence the absorption by CO2. In other words, there's strictly no reason to incorporate the FRACTION of CO2 in the overall estimation of the absorption. Imagine that, as he writes, 5 meters of (1 bar of) CO2 would be sufficient to absorb a specific line, which would mean, say, 8% of the entire output.
In that case ADDING extra oxygen/nitrogen, say 1000 bars, and then EXPANDING this to, say, 50 kilometers wouldn't change anything to the absorption, but in his calculation, one would diminish the absorption with the ratio 1/1000.

What counts, in radiation absorption, is the absorption cross section (a physical property of the molecule) times the total number of molecules "seen" by a beam of radiation per unit of transverse surface.

So what counts is the number of CO2 molecules in a column of 1 cm^2 for the entire height of the atmosphere. And we don't care how much OTHER stuff is in there.

That said, there are other points which are enlightening in the article...
 
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  • #21
Why is there so much discussion about politics, bias and fallacies and so little about some elementary physical principles of climate processes or isn't it important enough to investigate a bit personally.

vanesch said:
Moreover, behaving AS IF AGW is true is a good thing, because this might induce humanity to seriously reduce CO2 emissions, which is necessary in any case to perform the 21-century experiment. One needs to convince people of the reality of AGW in order for the scientific experiment to be conducted in the first place.

So, the good attitude as a scientist is to tell Bob in the street that AGW is true, and that he urgently needs to cut down on CO2 production. This will allow the global experiment to be performed. However, within the scientific community, one should keep a reserved attitude as should every scientist before his experiment has shown any definite result :biggrin:

I beg to differ, for one, the sake of a even bigger experiment, putting the thrustwortiness of science at stake. Second, actions based on a wrong reality perception are not only bound to go wrong but may even lead to a bigger disaster.

Suppose that AGW was wrong (as in a strong positive feedback amplified forcing of CO2) and the Earth decides to enter another glacial period (which seems to be due) when we just had put a lot of sun ray shielding material in the Lagrange point between sun and earth to mitigate global warming?

What if global warming is true and the Earth decides to go into the next glacial period and we just have removed all excess CO2 which could have mitigated it?

Of course depletion of fossil fuel is the certain problem, but stressing on AGW scare may simply backfire. The urge to do things, now, we might be already too late and such leads to hasty unvalidated, untested http://www.globaljusticeecology.org/globalwarming.php

If you want to have Bob in the street cut his energy footprint, then just say why. It may not be wise to trick him into it.
 
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  • #22
Andre said:
Why is there so much discussion about politics, bias and fallacies and so little about some elementary physical principles of climate processes or isn't it important enough to investigate a bit personally.



I beg to differ, for one, the sake of a even bigger experiment, putting the thrustwortiness of science at stake. Second, actions based on a wrong reality perception are not only bound to go wrong but may even lead to a bigger disaster.

Suppose that AGW was wrong (as in a strong positive feedback amplified forcing of CO2) and the Earth decides to enter another glacial period (which seems to be due) when we just had put a lot of sun ray shielding material in the Lagrange point between sun and earth to mitigate global warming?

What if global warming is true and the Earth decides to go into the next glacial period and we just have removed all excess CO2 which could have mitigated it?

Of course depletion of fossil fuel is the certain problem, but stressing on AGW scare may simply backfire. The urge to do things, now, we might be already too late and such leads to hasty unvalidated, untested http://www.globaljusticeecology.org/globalwarming.php

If you want to have Bob in the street cut his energy footprint, then just say why. It may not be wise to trick him into it.


Ah, you don't like fun experiments, Andre ? :smile: :biggrin:

At least it would settle the issue towards the end of the 21th century.

Concerning the hype, we've been there before: remember the Y2K bug that would stop the Earth from spinning ? And contrary to you, I'm not convinced either way. In as much as I agree that there's much hype with the IPCC and that the science is over-sold, you cannot neglect that the case in the other way is not completely made either. The only way, as a true scientist, is to experiment and/or model until you know for sure. And, as most scientists know, sometimes you have to bluff a bit to get your project approved and financed. If you want to play with the entire planet, well, you might have to cheat a bit more, as this is extreme funding you're asking for.

In any case, AGW is not an ultimate problem, because if really it gets too hot, it is sufficient to build a few thousand "Tsar Bombas" (50 Megaton nukes with very little radioactive fallout), blow them up high in the atmosphere and cause such a nuclear winter as to freeze your d*** off for the next few decades. So the emergency airco exists :smile:
 
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  • #23
vanesch said:
Well, I see one big blunder already:..
Thanks Vanesch, I've queried this with the author of the article if he responds I'll post his reply.
 
  • #24
drankin said:
That's what the "experts" are for. If something is "scientific" a court can't make a valid decision? That's rediculous. This is done every day. What the experts have to do is lay out the facts to their most basic premises. They have to break it down and show their evidence. If a particular side cannot support their case as well as the other then you have a decision that represents it. Like I asked, "What more do you want?"

All Al Gore has to do is lay out the facts.

The ID case was done in this way, the evidence was presented, a verdict was reached based on the evidence provided. I see no reason this cannot be done with the Global Warming debate in the same way. What would be a better forum?

There's a difference. Courts never decide a scientific debate. They do use scientific 'facts' as agreed to by a consensus of the scientific community to decide legal matters. (Or choose to toss out scientific evidence because there is no consensus within the scientific community that it is a fact.)

Even in that limited scope, the results can be unpredictable, especially if the case is put up to a jury. Try teaching calculus and physics to a jury.
 
  • #25
Crunch the numbers on how much volcano's forest fires and all the non-human things that cause deflection of the sun's ray's... i insure you that its far beyond what car's and coal stacks from china... and most of it stays low, as smog. The Earth has been proven to go from stages of cold to hot... and were in the part were it will get hot. And here's a fact ( the amount of cows that are on earth, each cow let's off more gas that deflects the suns rays than a honda with in one day) cows are alive every second of every day. cars arnt.
 
  • #26
Its just a money game for E-carbon cards for companies it has allways been
 
  • #27
cow's let what gas out there !@#? that deflects the suns rays 3time's more than carbon-E's
 
  • #28
Noone said:
cow's let what gas out there !@#? that deflects the suns rays 3time's more than carbon-E's

That would be methane.
 
  • #29
vanesch said:
At least it would settle the issue towards the end of the 21th century.
If you are enabled by means of the above:
So, the good attitude as a scientist is to tell Bob in the street that AGW is true, and that he urgently needs to cut down on CO2 production. This will allow the global experiment to be performed. However, within the scientific community, one should keep a reserved attitude as should every scientist before his experiment has shown any definite result
Then no result will settle anything, one or many unrelevant events will be credited and the science will go unheeded. Yes I see that you may or may not be speaking tongue-in-cheek there, it matters not as there are examples of those who have gone and done the same - Dyson blessing the opinions of the nuclear Winter crowd because it was for a 'good thing' though he knew it was crap.

The only way, as a true scientist, is to experiment and/or model until you know for sure. And, as most scientists know, sometimes you have to bluff a bit to get your project approved and financed. If you want to play with the entire planet, well, you might have to cheat a bit more, as this is extreme funding you're asking for.
To what end? After making the first statement to 'Bob in the street', do researchers expect to come back later and say 'just kidding then, I was being condescending for your own good, but now I really know, trust me this time, I'm a scientist?'
 
  • #30
drankin said:
That's what the "experts" are for. If something is "scientific" a court can't make a valid decision? That's rediculous. This is done every day. What the experts have to do is lay out the facts to their most basic premises. They have to break it down and show their evidence. If a particular side cannot support their case as well as the other then you have a decision that represents it. Like I asked, "What more do you want?"
The judge still has to be the one making the decision. That's the flaw. You can't teach a judge climatology in a few days and you can't present the complete view of the scientific community in a few days, so ultimately it comes down to "gee, that guy was pretty convincing". That's not good enough.
The ID case was done in this way, the evidence was presented, a verdict was reached based on the evidence provided. I see no reason this cannot be done with the Global Warming debate in the same way. What would be a better forum?
ID is a simple issue that any halfway intelligent 12 year old can understand. Big difference.
 
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  • #31
Objectively, it seems simple, compare the statements and quantifications in "The Inconvenient Truth" with the suppositions of the IPCC in that period.
 
  • #32
mheslep said:
Yes I see that you may or may not be speaking tongue-in-cheek there,

Well, of course ! :smile:

To what end? After making the first statement to 'Bob in the street', do researchers expect to come back later and say 'just kidding then, I was being condescending for your own good, but now I really know, trust me this time, I'm a scientist?'

Just for the sake of the knowledge and the fun of doing experiments. We will have performed the experiment, and we will have seen. That's what science is about, no ?

No, seriously, the only way to establish beyond doubt that the CAUSE of global warming is human-generated CO2 ejection, is to change drastically that ejection. And how are you going to convince the world to change that ejection level ? Just by saying that you want to find out something ? Or by fear mongering ? What will obtain the desired change in CO2 ejection ?

Now, two things: OR the result is that finally there was NO cause-effect relationship. Well, then you can say that things really LOOKED that way, but it turned out not to matter, so after all, burn all that coal without fear ! Go ahead ! The scientists of the beginning of the 21th century were a bit over-cautious, but then, one can't blame them, they were probably honest. They didn't know all we know now. Look at how much smarter and more scientific we are now. Do we think badly of medical science NOW because of some silliness one century ago in the medical world ? Of course not. Yesterday, people were stupid, today they are smart.

OR the result is that there IS a causal effect: in that case, one can say that the experiment DID save the earth, and that we now also know exactly WHY. That the scientists that rang the alarm bell DID have the right intuition. They were visionaries. Nobody is going to blame their initial unscientific attitude anymore then than now. (*) People think bollocks of "scientific rigor" - most don't even understand the word.(*) There are several instances of great scientific discoveries which were correct, but which, after the fact, couldn't have been scientifically established with the initial data. Examples are Einstein's prediction of the deviation of light of a star during a solar eclipse and the first expedition who observed this, and Hubble's discovery of the expansion of the universe. When looking at their initial data, their error bars didn't really allow one to establish the fact beyond doubt!
 
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  • #33
Minor quibble with your method, vanesch: We are changing the injection of CO2 into the atmosphere. It's gone way, way up. So I think that regardless of what we do over the next 50 years, we'll get our answer. Maybe the global temperatures will keep going up and maybe they won't.
 
  • #34
russ_watters said:
Minor quibble with your method, vanesch: We are changing the injection of CO2 into the atmosphere. It's gone way, way up. So I think that regardless of what we do over the next 50 years, we'll get our answer. Maybe the global temperatures will keep going up and maybe they won't.

Ok, but what we don't know, is what is the cause, and what is the effect. Is the CO2 increasing because the temperature rises ? Is the temperature rising because the CO2 increases ? Now, I know that there is some indication that at least part of the CO2 present in the atmosphere is of fossile origin (the C-12/C-13 isotope ratio) etc...

So it would be nice to inverse one, to see whether the other follows. It would also allow much better to find out the exact system response.
 
  • #35
vanesch said:
Just for the sake of the knowledge and the fun of doing experiments. We will have performed the experiment, and we will have seen. That's what science is about, no ?
Fair enough, good for you then.
 
  • #36
Surely in a democracy it should be decided by the people not a judge?
You could simply put an extra question on the ballot of the next primary.

ps If there's space I would also like a little question about P and NP resolved.
 
  • #37
Art said:
Thanks Vanesch, I've queried this with the author of the article if he responds I'll post his reply.

Hi,

I also contacted the author of the web site. Now, as this was a private e-mail conversation, I'm not going to post his replies, but just give the summary. I will however give my message completely.

I wrote:
me said:
Hello!

I've read with some interest your contribution on:
http://www.middlebury.net/op-ed/global-warming-01.html

Now, you raise interesting points, but there seems to me to be one big elementary fallacy in the main argument you bring forward:

"But the entire atmosphere isn't composed of CO2. In fact the current concentration in the atmosphere is only about 380 parts per million. It's what we call a "trace gas". So how much heat can our trace amounts of CO2 actually absorb? The math is simple: 8% ( or .08 ) x 380 PPM ( .000380 ) = .0000304, or about thirty millionths of the radiated heat."

This calculation seems to be unfounded. Absorption has nothing to do with relative composition, but with the cross section times the surface density of absorbing particles. Whether or not you ADD other stuff to it.

Let us assume that, say, 1 bar of CO2 over, say, 5 meters absorbs 8% of the spectrum, just by "being black" in a certain spectral region, and that this region represents 8% of the entire spectral energy content. Fine.

Now, SPREAD this 1 bar of CO2, 5 meter thick, over a column of 20 km. We now have of the order of 0.25 mbar of CO2. Guess what ? The absorption in your 20 km of 0.25 mbar of CO2 is identical to the absorption of your 5m CO2 of 1 bar. So we still pick out 8% of the spectrum, right ?

Now, add 1 bar of nitrogen/oxygen to it. What happens ? In as much as nitrogen and oxygen can be considered transparent, NOTHING changes. There is still the same number of CO2 molecules in a column of 1 square cm. We still pick out 8%.

So I don't see how you can include the RATIO of CO2 to N2/O2 or whatever in the calculation of your maximum "blackness" of CO2...

Once you have enough molecules per cm^2 to "be black", no ADDING other stuff is going to make it more transparent.

cheers,
Patrick Van Esch.

The first reply I got was an explanation of how he didn't take into account the gaussian profile of the absorption but replaced it with square blocks for simplification, pointing out that this gives a more severe absorption than if one would have done the entire integral.

I don't object to this, but it was not my point at all!

So my second message was:

me said:
Hello again,

I think you don't understand my objection. I can live with the square
profile, and the 8% for a "black" atmosphere. What I object to, is that
you multiply this with the ratio of CO2 molecules over O2/N2 molecules.
That simply makes no sense. What counts is the amount of CO2 in the
column, not whether there is ALSO N2 or O2. And as such, you arrive at a
ridiculously low absorption (one in a million) which is entirely not
justified.

Remove all the N2/O2, while you keep the 0.3 mbar or so of CO2, and,
according to your technique, you would obtain 8% (because the ratio is 1
now). Well, the real absorption is going to be the same.

Add 1000 bar of N2, and you would, according to your estimation, even have
1000 times less absorption. That is simply not correct.

So there is no justification at all to multiply the 8% with 0.0003...

cheers,
Patrick.

This time, his reply was about the non-uniformity of the absorption in a real atmosphere, and that the real transport problem is a hairy problem to solve, about the fact that the atmosphere is not adiabatic, the lowering of pressure with altitude etc...

I have to say I was at loss at what was the relationship between all these correct complications, and my elementary objection.

I will quote one phrase:
him said:
If you add N2 and O2 to the mix, you do change the collision cross sections, because the CO2 is more "spread out" and becomes a smaller "target".

This is a wrong statement. You don't change the individual molecular cross section because the molecules are more spread out.

So I replied:
===> I'm pretty acquainted with radiation transport problems, but more in
the nuclear world. For instance, typical problems I look into is the
transport problem of neutrons generated in a radioactive source, and which
propagate through a scattering/absorbing medium.

The issue we look into here is similar (although I can understand that
some details differ), and I know that general radiation problems can be a
pain.

However, you will not convince me that a homogeneous mixture of two
substances, one of which acts as an observer, will become more transparant
as JUST the amount of absorber, in the ratio of the two substances. In
fact, all extra scattering by the second material will actually INCREASE
the overall absorption, simply because the total path length of the
radiation has become longer than the direct "exit" path from source to
escape boundary.

If you want to go for a simple estimation, you simply estimate the
absorption along a straight line by only the absorbing medium (here, CO2).
Extra elastic scattering will only increase that absorption.

I'm not nitpicking you know. I try to point out a totally absurd
calculation.

Even in your ideal lab experiment: take 10 meters of CO2 at 1 bar, and
look at the absorption. Now ADD 10 bars of N2 to your CO2 container
(while keeping the 1 bar of CO2, so total pressure 11 bars). Are you
seriously going to claim that you will absorb 10 times LESS of the IR beam
you sent in ?


The cross section for a molecule to absorb a photon is independent of the
concentration of the gas.

The probability of absorption in a column of gas is the amount of
molecules per square cm in that column, times the cross section.

cheers,
Patrick.


I didn't get an answer yet.
 
  • #38
Vanesch, this is very exciting to me: debating with the middlebury.net folks and sharing the conversation (assuming good faith on your part).

I am a laymen of climate science but a sceptic of global doom as a result of human input. It makes sense that altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere should impact the climate but to what end, I'm on the fence. The global climate is always in a state of change, this is a known fact. Aside from being responsible about our "waste contribution", is there anything more as a society we are going to do? This is a political dilemna and could become a military dilemna one day I believe. Because of this, I would like see the debate brought to the public in a way they can consume fundamentally and practically. A court of law is a good forum. It won't be a the only forum and it won't be an absolute decision. But if anyone believes this is a global problem, then why wouldn't this be a good place to bring the evidence we have to date?
 
  • #39
vanesch,

Is this person saying that the total absorption cross section is different for a fixed number of molecules "X", for different levels of dilution (and that the cross section scales with the concentration of X) ?

I haven't read the original article.
 
  • #40
Gokul43201 said:
vanesch,

Is this person saying that the total absorption cross section is different for a fixed number of molecules "X", for different levels of dilution (and that the cross section scales with the concentration of X) ?

I haven't read the original article.

The main argument of his article (at least, that's how I understood it), goes as follows:
CO2 has a certain number of absorption bands of EM radiation. He replaces these absorption bands by "totally black" absorption bands and then shows that, on a black-body spectrum centered on the temperature of Earth's surface, even totally black bands only absorp 8% of the BB curve.
I can live with that - I didn't check this, but ok.
So this is an upper limit to what fraction of BB radiation at Earth's average surface temperature can be captured by a "thick layer of CO2". He then tells us that a thick layer of CO2 is of the order of 10 meters or so (I guess, at atmospheric pressure).

Fine. Although I didn't check this, there's nothing wrong in principle here.

But then comes the main point he devellops: He says that a FULL atmosphere of CO2 would hence absorb only 8% of BB radiation, but the Earth atmosphere only contains 0.38mbar of CO2, so the MAXIMUM ABSORPTION of BB radiation by the atmosphere is given by:

8% x 0.00038 = 0.0000304

So the atmosphere can at most absorb 0.0000304 times the total BB radiation from the earth.

This is then used as an argument to say that no matter what happens, CO2 cannot contribute significantly to GW.
(see the quote from his page in my first quoted e-mail to him).

Now, THAT, to me, is totally bogus. There's (even as a rough approximation) no reason at all to multiply the "black" fraction (8%) with the ratio CO2/N2-O2.
You could as well multiply the 8% with, say, the exchange ratio of the former Italian Lire over the Dollar three days before Xmas of the year 1973 or something.

PS: I see that his page has changed to try to explain this...
 
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  • #41
I replied (to the page change) the following:

Hi again,

I saw that you modified the page :-)

However, I still don't buy the argument. You see, when you write:

===
So, let's use our imagination and tack up a million one-inch bottle caps on the side of a really big building, with them all spaced 3.3 inches apart, and with only 380 of them being red and the rest all blue. If they're evenly mixed up ( like the wind mixes the atmosphere ) then the red bottle caps (representing CO2) now are going to be spaced 8,684 inches, or 723 feet apart. Now you know why we call CO2 a "trace gas" in the atmosphere.
===

there's no objection to this, but now consider that there is ONLY this trace gas, at 0.38 mbar. Then the red caps are ALSO 723 feet apart, and we already know that this absorps ALL of the 8% (remember, the 10 meters of CO2). So in how much is ADDING the blue caps going to DIMINISH the absorption by the red caps ?

You see, it is not as if initially, you had them 3 inches apart, and you absorbed 8%. You ALWAYS had them 723 feet apart (the density of CO2 molecules per square centimeter of atmosphere column). No ADDING of blue caps is going to let the radiation get out easier.

===
Some of the sharper physics students out there are probably asking themselves, "Hey what about scattering?" If your physics professor ever gave you the question, "Why is the sky blue?", then you're familiar with Raleigh scattering theory and you've probably already done the math and learned that in the temperature ranges we're dealing with here, the scattering is so small as to be negligible.
===

Granted. So the N2/O2 doesn't play a role. So the blue caps are in fact infinitesimally small, compared to the red caps. In what way does adding infinitesimally small blue caps to a certain density of red caps diminish the probability to hit a red cap ?


===
Now, to finish this problem, we need to estimate a "capture cross section" - the probability that a particular CO2 molecule mixed in with everything else in the air will ever encounter one of the highly specific IR photons in the absorption spectrum. We'll assume the mixing is homogeneous, and set the geometry for capture based on the known percentage of CO2 in the air, which is 380 PPM. So based on this highly simplified picture, how much heat can our trace amounts of CO2 actually absorb? The math is simple: 8% ( or .08 ) x 380 PPM ( .000380 ) = .0000304, or about thirty millionths of the radiated heat.
===


You are STILL making the same error! The RATIO of CO2 to N2/O2 has nothing to do here.
The confusion can be of several types. The most evident one is that you seem to think that you have red caps (CO2), and blue caps (N2/O2) "of the same size" (same cross section, which isn't true but that doesn't matter), and IF WE HIT A BLUE ONE, WE WON'T HIT A RED ONE. But that's not true ! If you hit a blue one, this doesn't change your probability of hitting a red one! It would indeed be a correct reasoning if N2/O2 were just as absorbing as CO2. Then you are right. Then the probability of being absorbed by CO2 INSTEAD OF being absorbed by N2/O2 would depend on their ratio. In other words, the O2/N2 are IN COMPETITION with the CO2, and have similar cross sections. But we take the hypothesis here that N2/O2 doesn't absorb (in the same band) as CO2, and, at most, scatters (leaving the photon intact to be again absorbed by CO2). But then, you even make the hypothesis that this N2/O2 scattering is neglegible.

The other possible confusion is that you seem to think that there is a linear relationship between the amount of radiation absorbed in different situations, and the ratio of absorbant in both. This is not true, because it is an exponential relationship (Beer's law). So the error might be: if a FULL atmosphere of 1 bar of CO2 can absorp 8% (spectral selection), then an atmosphere of only 0.38 mbar of CO2 can only absorb proportionally: 8% x 0.000038.
But that is not true. If you have a light source which emits red light and blue light, and you put 500 pieces of red glass behind it, then only the red light gets true, so, say, 50%. But that doesn't mean that if you put only one piece of red glass behind it, that you will only absorb 0.1% of the light, and let 49.9% of the blue light get past it! One piece of red light already absorbs all of the blue light, hence 50%. If you add 499 extra pieces, this won't change a thing.

What is absorbed is given by 1 - exp(- d rho sigma) where d is the thickness, rho the particle density per volume element, and sigma the microscopic cross section. d times rho gives you the number of particles in the column. Now, if d rho sigma is, say, 20000, then you absorb everything, and if you now divide d rho sigma by 20, you STILL absorb about everything, not 20 times less.

cheers,
Patrick.
 
  • #42
Another exchange.

In the first part of the response, the author claims that the "blue caps" act as *spacers* between the CO2 molecules.

I reply:
me said:
===> In what way does ADDING molecules INCREASE the space of others ??

You see, the thing I'm disputing is that you seem to make a difference in total absorption between:
a) an atmosphere consisting solely of 0.35 mbar of CO2 (which, I presume, you accept that it can potentially absorb 8% of the BB spectrum, because 0.35 mbar of CO2, over several km, comes down to 1 bar of CO2 over a few meters in surface density)

b) an atmosphere consisting of 0.35 mbar of CO2 (partial pressure) PLUS 1 bar of N2/O2.

I can assure you that the average distance between CO2 molecules in BOTH cases is the same.

So now you need to explain me how it comes that ADDING 1 bar of N2/O2 to a 0.35 mbar CO2 atmosphere is going to DECREASE the absorption of the CO2, and is going to INCREASE the distance between individual CO2 molecules...

The other part of his reply comes down to a discussion of the mechanism of the heat transfer absorbed by CO2 to water vapor.

My reply:
me said:
I'm not discussing climate change or anything, I'm trying to point out an elementary but gross error in a single step, which is the deduction that the maximum BB energy absorption can at most be 8% times the CO2/N2-O2 ratio. This step is wrong *in principle*.

The reason is that if it were true (but it isn't) then indeed, the discussion stops there, and anyone going further is indeed a total ignoramus of elementary physics. This is what you present on your page. But unfortunately, it is not correct *in principle*. No matter whether or not there is climate change, whether or not in the end CO2 plays a role or whatever. The *reasoning* is faulty.

The simple statement that a pure CO2 atmosphere (of what thickness and pressure ?) would absorb 8%, and the fact that in the real atmosphere there is about 3000 more N2-O2 added to it, DOESN'T IMPLY that the atmosphere can at most absorb 8% / 3000.

Again, this is simply demonstrated by your lab experiment: take 10 meters of 1 bar of CO2, and a beam of IR radiation. You find that you absorb 8% of the spectrum totally. Now ADD 10 bars of N2 to your gas. Do you really expect now that you only absorb 0.8 % of the spectrum ? Of course not. You will STILL absorb 8%.

From that point on, any further argument made is put in doubt too (in the same way as the erroneous arguments in Gore's movie put everything else in doubt). It is like in an interview for a job: once you've found ONE erroneous statement by the candidate about his CV, you don't believe a word anymore for any other argumentation he might devellop.

Cheers,
Patrick.
 
  • #43
Well, I see one big blunder already:

It's reasonably valid to use partial pressure arguments to estimate "collision cross sections", since the radiation is diminishing per the inverse square law and the target molecules are thinning at an even faster rate. Lab science and the real world aren't always in agreement, and the real atmosphere simply can't be replicated in the lab. Straightforward linear absorption just doesn't apply to the atmospheric geometry.

http://www.middlebury.net/op-ed/global-warming-01.html"

This fellow is writing for the layman, not the geek. His approximations are rough... some are generous, some are thin. It tends to balance out. It's a pretty good conclusion, at any rate, and better than anything else I've seen written so the ordinary non-scientist can understand.
 
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  • #44
ecofan said:
It's reasonably valid to use partial pressure arguments to estimate "collision cross sections", since the radiation is diminishing per the inverse square law and the target molecules are thinning at an even faster rate. Lab science and the real world aren't always in agreement, and the real atmosphere simply can't be replicated in the lab. Straightforward linear absorption just doesn't apply to the atmospheric geometry.

http://www.middlebury.net/op-ed/global-warming-01.html"

This fellow is writing for the layman, not the geek. His approximations are rough... some are generous, some are thin. It tends to balance out. It's a pretty good conclusion, at any rate, and better than anything else I've seen written so the ordinary non-scientist can understand.

No, it is fundamentally wrong.
At no point, the RATIO of absorber to "filling gas" plays any role. What plays a role is the partial pressure of the absorber, PERIOD.

What I tried to explain is that one shouldn't use ERRONEOUS arguments, even as approximations. It is as if I wrote:

Given that the current is 20 amps, and the weight of the resistor is 3 kg, this means that the voltage over the resistor is 20 x 3 = 60 volts.

The MASS has nothing to do with the resistance a priori. In the same way, if the total black absorption represents 8% for a sufficiently thick CO2 layer (he cites 10 meters of some undefined pressure of CO2), then NOTHING allows me to multiply this with a ratio of a CO2 partial pressure and a neutral gas partial pressure to estimate the absorption in a gas mixture!
 
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  • #45
ecofan said:
This fellow is writing for the layman, not the geek. His approximations are rough... some are generous, some are thin. It tends to balance out. It's a pretty good conclusion, at any rate, and better than anything else I've seen written so the ordinary non-scientist can understand.
Really! Did you get past this paragraph (quoted below), or like me, gag at the nonsense and give up?

blogger said:
Atoms and molecules are very tiny things, and the distances between them are therefore also very small. Physicists like to use a unit of measure called an Angstrom, which is a nano-meter, or a billionth of a meter. A molecule like CO2 has a size of around 2 Angstroms, and in an "Ideal Gas", the spacing is about 3.3 Angstroms apart. The so-called Ideal Gas is one in which 10 to the 24th power number of molecules occupies a space of about 22 liters, at a pressure of 760mm of mercury and 273 degrees Kelvin - called the "standard temperature and pressure".

In that one paragraph, the author has produced more high school level errors than I've seen in any single paragraph by any high schooler.

1. Atoms and molecules are small. Therefore, distances between them are small? Hello? I'm currently sitting near a chamber where molecules are several inches apart.

2. 1 Angstrom = 1nm? Really? I recommend the first chapter or inside cover of any high school physics text.

3. Intermolecular spacing at STP is about 33 Angstroms, not 3.3 Angstroms. But I can see how you'd make that mistake if you don't know your Angstroms from your nanometers!

4. The definition of a mole of a gas is independent of whether or not it is ideal. The author thinks he's providing a definition of an ideal gas, while he is simply defining a mole, and in no way whatsoever, describing a "so-called Ideal Gas."

I sure hope this person does not have a degree in the physical sciences - that would be embarrassing!
 
  • #46
I wrote your objections to the guy and got an almost immediate reply, thanking me for pointing out the error. He also says he's using the published intermolecular spacing for N2 as a substitute for CO2, and if we have a better reference, he'd be pleased to know about it.

If it turns out to be 33 angstroms instead of 3.3, he'll likely correct it, as it appears he has already done with the tenth-off nanometer thing.

And even I know that an ideal gas is also defined by molar volume and stp - so what's the rub there? Are you guys a bunch of Al Gore worshipers?

You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.
 
  • #47
ecofan said:
I wrote your objections to the guy and got an almost immediate reply, thanking me for pointing out the error. He also says he's using the published intermolecular spacing for N2 as a substitute for CO2, and if we have a better reference, he'd be pleased to know about it.
Oh boy! For any given temperature and pressure, you can calculate the intermolecular spacing of gas molecules on the back of a very small envelope, and you'll see that the quoted number is off by an order of magnitude. You don't need to look up any references for it!

If it turns out to be 33 angstroms instead of 3.3, he'll likely correct it, as it appears he has already done with the tenth-off nanometer thing.
Is this something that really needs deep investigation? The lattice parameter of diamond is about 3.5 angstroms. Does this person really need to be given a reference to be shown that the intermolecular of a gas at STP should not be comparable to that of a solid with similar atomic make-up?

And even I know that an ideal gas is also defined by molar volume and stp - so what's the rub there?
No, it is not. It is defined by how the molar volume scales with temperature and pressure.

Are you guys a bunch of Al Gore worshipers?
Not I. Are you a worshipper of crackpottery?

You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.
The day I start growing a fondness for flies, I'll be sure to use that advice.
 
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  • #48
Gokul43201 said:
Really! Did you get past this paragraph (quoted below), or like me, gag at the nonsense and give up?



In that one paragraph, the author has produced more high school level errors than I've seen in any single paragraph by any high schooler.

1. Atoms and molecules are small. Therefore, distances between them are small? Hello? I'm currently sitting near a chamber where molecules are several inches apart.

2. 1 Angstrom = 1nm? Really? I recommend the first chapter or inside cover of any high school physics text.

3. Intermolecular spacing at STP is about 33 Angstroms, not 3.3 Angstroms. But I can see how you'd make that mistake if you don't know your Angstroms from your nanometers!

4. The definition of a mole of a gas is independent of whether or not it is ideal. The author thinks he's providing a definition of an ideal gas, while he is simply defining a mole, and in no way whatsoever, describing a "so-called Ideal Gas."

I sure hope this person does not have a degree in the physical sciences - that would be embarrassing!
Congratulations on presenting a quintessential example of an ad-hominem attack :rolleyes:

btw high schooler should be high schooler or high-schooler. So based on your logic and your error it follows everything you have ever done or written is wrong.
 
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  • #49
Art said:
Congratulations on presenting a quintessential example of an ad-hominem attack :rolleyes:
Ad hominem? Pointing out gross mathematical/scientific errors is an ad hominem attack?

btw high schooler should be high schooler or high-schooler. So based on your logic and your error it follows everything you have ever done or written is wrong.
Was that really the only typo in my post? I'm surprised!
 
  • #50
Looks like he's bought your 33 angstrom argument. Maybe it was a typo? 3.3 vs 33 sounds like too much of a coincidence.

Not to change the subject, but has anyone read Lisa Randall's really great summary of particle physics, Warped Passages? Most of physics hasn't budged a lot in the last 50 years, but the particle theorists are really dancing in 9 ( or is it 10 ) dimensions..
 

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