# Matrix exponential facts?

Hi,

Suppose I have this matrix A:

Why is the matrix exponential like so:

when A is not simple (eigenvalues not distinct)?

Thanks.

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Does not matter. As long as you can diagonalize your matrix for any analytic function f you have (let A = U-1DU with di eigenvalues)

f(A) = U-1 f(D) U

where f(D) is the diagonal matrix with elements f(di).

The proof is not hard you just expand f in a series (due to analyticity) put in U-1 D U and do some algebra.

In your case, the matrix is already diagonal. For any analytic function the formal definition is anyway given in terms of the series expansion and in the case of exponential

exp(A) = 1 + A + A^2/2! + ....

where you can show that this series is convergent etc etc.

Does not matter. As long as you can diagonalize your matrix for any analytic function f you have (let A = U-1DU with di eigenvalues)

f(A) = U-1 f(D) U

where f(D) is the diagonal matrix with elements f(di).

The proof is not hard you just expand f in a series (due to analyticity) put in U-1 D U and do some algebra.

In your case, the matrix is already diagonal. For any analytic function the formal definition is anyway given in terms of the series expansion and in the case of exponential

exp(A) = 1 + A + A^2/2! + ....

where you can show that this series is convergent etc etc.
Okay, I understand now. So A must be diagonalizable in order to compute its exponential. For A to be diagonalizable, its eigenvectors must be linearly independent. I calculated A's eigenvalues to be σ (repeated). When I calculated its eigenvectors, I get [anything, anything]. Does this translate to being linearly independent?