Nuclear Reactions: Spallation, Reaction & Radioactivity | Identify

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    Nuclear Reactions
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Spallation is a nuclear reaction where high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, collide with a target nucleus, causing it to eject smaller particles. This process is commonly used in neutron sources and particle accelerators. Nuclear reactions involve the transformation of atomic nuclei, resulting in the release of energy and the creation of new elements or isotopes. Induced radioactivity occurs when stable nuclei are transformed into radioactive ones through interactions with radiation, such as neutron capture. Identifying spallation, nuclear reactions, and induced radioactivity requires understanding the specific conditions and outcomes of these processes, often involving detection methods like spectroscopy or radiation measurement. Engaging with these concepts typically requires demonstrating prior research efforts to facilitate meaningful assistance in forums.
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what is spallation ,nuclear reaction and induced radioactivity ?how to identify these all ?
 
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Starting with definitions won't hurt. They must be in your book, if not - try google.
 
how to identify these all
 
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I was introduced to the Octet Rule recently and make me wonder, why does 8 valence electrons or a full p orbital always make an element inert? What is so special with a full p orbital? Like take Calcium for an example, its outer orbital is filled but its only the s orbital thats filled so its still reactive not so much as the Alkaline metals but still pretty reactive. Can someone explain it to me? Thanks!!
It seems like a simple enough question: what is the solubility of epsom salt in water at 20°C? A graph or table showing how it varies with temperature would be a bonus. But upon searching the internet I have been unable to determine this with confidence. Wikipedia gives the value of 113g/100ml. But other sources disagree and I can't find a definitive source for the information. I even asked chatgpt but it couldn't be sure either. I thought, naively, that this would be easy to look up without...
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