Spallation is a nuclear reaction where high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, collide with a target nucleus, causing it to eject smaller particles. This process is commonly used in neutron sources and particle accelerators. Nuclear reactions involve the transformation of atomic nuclei, resulting in the release of energy and the creation of new elements or isotopes. Induced radioactivity occurs when stable nuclei are transformed into radioactive ones through interactions with radiation, such as neutron capture. Identifying spallation, nuclear reactions, and induced radioactivity requires understanding the specific conditions and outcomes of these processes, often involving detection methods like spectroscopy or radiation measurement. Engaging with these concepts typically requires demonstrating prior research efforts to facilitate meaningful assistance in forums.