Proving the Dot Product and Norm Theorems

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Homework Statement


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The Attempt at a Solution


I let D be the center x = DX & a = DA

(x-a) * (x+a)=|x|^2-|a|^2

Dunno what to do with the right side of the equation
 
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The right side is zero, since x = a, and if a dot product of two vectors is zero they are perpendicular.
 
x = a since both the radius of the circle correct?
 
Yes.
 
There are two things I don't understand about this problem. First, when finding the nth root of a number, there should in theory be n solutions. However, the formula produces n+1 roots. Here is how. The first root is simply ##\left(r\right)^{\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)}##. Then you multiply this first root by n additional expressions given by the formula, as you go through k=0,1,...n-1. So you end up with n+1 roots, which cannot be correct. Let me illustrate what I mean. For this...
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