Quarks Formation & Fractional Charges Explained

astro2cosmos
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Does anybody know how quarks are formed? and why they always in fraction numbers like 1/3, 2/3. Since charge are always quantized. does this mean quarks are not quantized.?.
 
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Hi astro2cosmos! Welcome to PF! :smile:

"Quantized" charge just means that it comes in multiples of a fixed amount … in this case, 1/3.

And quarks are probably fundamental, like electrons: not formed of anything. :smile:
 
If you look at the atomic orbitals, you will see charged clouds of partial charge too:
http://sevencolors.org/images/photo/hydrogen_density_plots.jpg
 
Toponium is a hadron which is the bound state of a valance top quark and a valance antitop quark. Oversimplified presentations often state that top quarks don't form hadrons, because they decay to bottom quarks extremely rapidly after they are created, leaving no time to form a hadron. And, the vast majority of the time, this is true. But, the lifetime of a top quark is only an average lifetime. Sometimes it decays faster and sometimes it decays slower. In the highly improbable case that...
I'm following this paper by Kitaev on SL(2,R) representations and I'm having a problem in the normalization of the continuous eigenfunctions (eqs. (67)-(70)), which satisfy \langle f_s | f_{s'} \rangle = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{2}{(1-u)^2} f_s(u)^* f_{s'}(u) \, du. \tag{67} The singular contribution of the integral arises at the endpoint u=1 of the integral, and in the limit u \to 1, the function f_s(u) takes on the form f_s(u) \approx a_s (1-u)^{1/2 + i s} + a_s^* (1-u)^{1/2 - i s}. \tag{70}...

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