SQUID: What and How Does It Measure?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the measurement capabilities of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs), specifically regarding what aspects of magnetization or magnetic fields they can detect. Participants explore the technical details of how SQUIDs operate and their applications in measuring magnetic fields, including the use of gradiometers.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested
  • Experimental/applied

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions whether a SQUID measures total magnetization or only the component of magnetization perpendicular to the Josephson junction.
  • Another participant explains that a SQUID responds to the line integral of the vector potential and is related to magnetic flux, emphasizing that it measures magnetic induction rather than magnetization.
  • A third participant agrees with the previous explanation and adds that SQUIDs are often used as gradiometers, which measure the gradient of the magnetic field, particularly in material studies and bio-applications.
  • A participant describes their specific application involving a magnetometer with detection coils functioning as a second-derivative gradiometer and raises a scenario where the sample is magnetized perpendicular to the coil axis, questioning if the SQUID would detect a signal in that case.
  • Another participant confirms that a component of the magnetic field along the gradiometer's axis is necessary for obtaining a reading.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree on the technical functioning of SQUIDs and their use as gradiometers, but there is uncertainty regarding the specific conditions under which they can detect signals based on the orientation of magnetization relative to the detection coils.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights limitations related to the dependence on the orientation of magnetic fields and the specific configurations of SQUIDs and gradiometers, which may affect measurement outcomes.

Anthus
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What exactly does SQUID measure?

Hi,

I am not sure, if Superconducting Quantum Interference Device measures total magnetization of sample, or only the component of magnetization that is parallel to axis perpendicular to Josephson junction?
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v492/n7429/fig_tab/492358a_F1.html
 
Last edited:
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Technically, a SQUID responds to the line integral of the vector potential around the loop. In practice, that is related to the amount of magnetic flux \Phi=\int{\mathbf B \cdot d\mathbf S} through the loop, which is basically normal to the junction as you say. It is magnetic induction, not magnetization, that matters however. Whether that flux arises from the field of an electric current or from the magnetization of a solid is irrelevant.
 
Marcusl is 100% correct

However, since you referring to "magnetisation of samples" I suspect you might have come across a SQUID used as a magnetometer in some measurement application. In many (I'd say most) such applications the SQUID loop is arranged in such a way that the SQUID measures the gradient of the field (and in some cases even higher order derivatives).

This is -not surprisingly- known as a gradiometer, and is what would typically be used for studies of materials, bio-applications etc.
 
Thank you for your anwers!
Magnetometer I will use has three detection coils that work as second-derivative gradiometer.
However, what about situation:
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BzvjZoZeQg3nT1NSeEpENjk2STQ/edit?usp=sharing
when the sample is magnetized only perpendicular to coil axis? It seems that there is no magnetic flux through any coil in this case. Do coils (SQUID) detect signal?
I suppose they don't. Wikipedia also says, that SQUID is a "vector magnometer"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetometer#Vector_magnetometers, so it measures only component of magnetic field - that parallel to coil axis.
 
Last edited:
Correct, you need some component of field that is along your gradiometer's axis to get a reading.
 
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