To calculate the rate of temperature change given the power input and specific heat capacity, the mass of the object must also be known. The formula involves dividing the power input by the product of specific heat capacity and mass, assuming negligible temperature gradients. For finite-sized objects, heat conduction and heat capacity play significant roles, requiring the use of differential equations for accurate solutions. Additionally, Newton's law of cooling is relevant in these calculations. Understanding these principles is essential for precise thermal analysis.