The space between an atom's nucleus and it's electrons

AI Thread Summary
The discussion centers on the concept of what exists in the space between the nucleus of an atom and its surrounding electrons. It highlights that this space is too small for traditional matter, such as air molecules, leading to the conclusion that it is essentially "nothing." Additionally, it touches on quantum mechanics, noting that electrons exist within this gap but are described by a probability function, indicating their positions are not fixed but rather defined by probabilities. This raises intriguing questions about the nature of space at the atomic level and the implications for understanding matter and energy.
zts1986
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Earlier today I was thinking about what is in between the very few molecules of hydrogen floating around in interstellar space (dark matter?), and a question came to me.

What is in the space between the nucleus of an atom and the electrons that surround that nucleus? The space would be too small for air molecules, so what is there?
 
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Although in a QM sense, the electrons are in the gap just with a low probablility function
 
I was introduced to the Octet Rule recently and make me wonder, why does 8 valence electrons or a full p orbital always make an element inert? What is so special with a full p orbital? Like take Calcium for an example, its outer orbital is filled but its only the s orbital thats filled so its still reactive not so much as the Alkaline metals but still pretty reactive. Can someone explain it to me? Thanks!!
It seems like a simple enough question: what is the solubility of epsom salt in water at 20°C? A graph or table showing how it varies with temperature would be a bonus. But upon searching the internet I have been unable to determine this with confidence. Wikipedia gives the value of 113g/100ml. But other sources disagree and I can't find a definitive source for the information. I even asked chatgpt but it couldn't be sure either. I thought, naively, that this would be easy to look up without...
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