Understanding the Cauchy Stress Tensor for Beginners

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the Cauchy stress tensor, specifically focusing on the interpretation of its indices, the relationships between its components, and the implications of its symmetry. Participants explore theoretical aspects and clarify conceptual understanding related to stress in materials.

Discussion Character

  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested
  • Technical explanation

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the meaning of the first index in the Cauchy stress tensor, specifically whether σ_xy indicates that the stress in the y direction is related to a cross-sectional area normal to the x direction.
  • Another participant suggests that an illustration from Wikipedia may help clarify the topic.
  • A participant expresses uncertainty about the dependency of σ_xy on σ_yx, noting that they are perpendicular to each other.
  • Another participant challenges the assumption of dependency, indicating that it was not previously mentioned.
  • A participant references their textbook, stating that the entire stress state can be determined with just 6 of the 9 components of the stress tensor, raising questions about whether this implies a dependency or equality among components.
  • One participant asserts that the Cauchy stress tensor must be symmetric, explaining that this is necessary to avoid infinite angular accelerations of an infinitesimal square element, and notes that the symmetry condition leads to relationships such as s_xy = s_yx.
  • A later reply reiterates the initial question about the first index and confirms that σ_xy represents shear stress, while also clarifying the components acting on a plane oriented normal to the x direction.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the dependency of stress components and the implications of the symmetry of the Cauchy stress tensor. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the relationships between the components and the interpretation of the indices.

Contextual Notes

There are limitations in the discussion regarding the assumptions made about the stress tensor's components and the conditions under which symmetry applies, particularly in relation to the Knudsen number.

member 392791
Hello,

I am not sure what the first indice in the cauchy stress tensor indicates

For example,


σ_xy means that the stress in the y direction, but does x mean the cross sectional area is normal to the x direction?
 
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I can't see how σ_xy is dependent on σ_yx, they are perpendicular to each other
 
Who said anything about these stresses being dependent on one another?
 
My textbook said that the entire stress state can be determined with just 6 of the 9 components of the stress tensor. Is that to mean something different than there is a dependency? Or even they are equal?
 
The Cauchy stress tensor must be SYMMETRIC.
The reason for this is apparent when you consider the TORQUES about an infinitesemal square element.
Unless the stress tensor is symmetric, you'll get infinite angular accelerations of the square element.

The symmetry condition on the stress tensor explains why s_xy=s_yx and so on.

It should be mentioned, as is done in the Wikipedia article, that the symmetry of the Cauchy stress tensor is a special case as the Knudsen number goes to 1, so that symmetry is not required generally
 
Woopydalan said:
Hello,

I am not sure what the first indice in the cauchy stress tensor indicates

For example,


σ_xy means that the stress in the y direction, but does x mean the cross sectional area is normal to the x direction?

Yes. There are three components of the stress vector acting on a plane oriented normal to the x direction. The (normal) component in the x direction is σxx. The (shear) component in the y direction is σxyyx. The (shear) component in the z direction is σxzzx.
 

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